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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory
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The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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Encoding |
The processing of information into the memory system.
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Storage
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The retention of encoded information over time
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Retrieval
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The process of getting information out of memory storage |
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Short-term Memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly
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Long-term Memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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Working memory
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A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long -term memory
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Parallel Processing
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the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
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Automatic Processing
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information, such as word meanings
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Effortful Processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Rehearsal
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The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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Spacing Effect |
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
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Serial Position Effect
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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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Visual Encoding
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the encoding of picture images
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Acoustic Encoding
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The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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Semantic Encoding
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The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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Imagery
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Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing when combined with semantic encoding
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Mnemoincs
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Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Chunking
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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Iconic Memory
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A momentary sensory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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Echoic Memory
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A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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Long-term Potentiation (LTP) |
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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Flashbulb Memory |
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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Amnesia
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The loss of memory
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Implicit Memory
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Retention independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative or procedural memory)
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Explicit Memory
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Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also called nondeclarative memory)
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Hippocampus
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A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
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Recall
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A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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Recognition
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A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
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Relearning
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A measure of memory that assesses the amount of tie saved when learning material for a second time
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Priming
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The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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Déjà vu
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That eerie sense that "I've experienced his before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
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Mood-Congruent Memory
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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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Proactive Interference
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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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Retroactive Interference
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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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Repression
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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Misinformation Effect
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Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Source Amnesia
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Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (source misattribution)
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