Psychology Chapter 6

Front 1

The process by which a conditioned response is established or strengthened

Back 1

acquisition

Front 2

A procedure for determining the reinforcers that sustain an unwanted behavior and then reducing he reinforcements for the unwanted behavior and providing suitable reinforcers for more acceptable behaviors

Back 2

applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification)

Front 3

Learning to make a repsonse that avoids pain or similar outcome

Back 3

avoidance learning

Front 4

A psychologist who insists that psychologists should study only observable, measurable behaviors, not mental processes

Back 4

behaviorist

Front 5

The concept that certain stimuli are readily associated with each other and that cetain responses are readily associated with certain outcomes

Back 5

belongingness

Front 6

The tendency of a previously established association to one stimulus to block the formation of an association to an added stimulus

Back 6

blocking effect

Front 7

A procedure for developing a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one response is the opportunity to engage inthe next response

Back 7

chaining

Front 8

The process by which an organism learns a new association between two paired stimuli- a neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response

Back 8

classical conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning)

Front 9

Whatever response the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit as a result of the conditioning procedure

Back 9

conditioned response (CR)

Front 10

A stimulus that comes to evoke a particular response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Back 10

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 11

The tendency to avoid eating a substance that has been followed by illness when it was eaten in the past

Back 11

conditioned taste aversion

Front 12

Reinforcement for every correct response

Back 12

continuous reinforcement

Front 13

1) In classical conditioning making different responses to different stimuli that have been followed by different outcomes
2) In operant conditioning learning to respond in one way to one stimulus and in a different way to another stimulus

Back 13

discrimination

Front 14

A stimulus that indicates on which occasion a response will produce a certain consequence

Back 14

discriminative stimulus

Front 15

The principle that an opportunity to engage in any deprived activity will be a reinforcer because it restores equilibrium

Back 15

disequilibrium principle

Front 16

The progressively waker effects of a drug after repeated use

Back 16

drug tolerance

Front 17

Learning to escape from an event such as shock

Back 17

escape learning

Front 18

1) In classical conditioning the dying out of the conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
2) In operant conditioning the weakening of a response after a period without reinforcement

Back 18

extinction

Front 19

A rule for delivering reinforcement for the first response that the subject makes after a specified period of time has passed

Back 19

fixed-interval schedule

Front 20

Reinforcement for some responses and not for others

Back 20

intermittent reinforcement

Front 21

Something that we infer without directly observing it and that links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses

Back 21

intervening variable

Front 22

Thorndike's theory that a response followed by favorable consequences becomes more probable and a response followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less probable

Back 22

law of effect

Front 23

A graphical representation of the changes in behavior that occur over the course of learning

Back 23

learning curve

Front 24

A psychologist who studies only measurable, observable events but sometimes uses those observations to make inferences about internal events

Back 24

methodological behaviorist

Front 25

A decrease in the future probability of a response because it led to the absence of something such as food

Back 25

negative punishement

Front 26

An increase in the future probability of a response becuase it led to the absense of something such as paing

Back 26

negtive reinforcement

Front 27

Learning to suppress a behavior that would lead to the omission of an event such as food

Back 27

omission training

Front 28

The process of changing behavior by following a repsonse with reinforcement

Back 28

operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning)

Front 29

Learning to avoid an outcome such as shock by being passive- that is, by inhibiting a response that would lead to the outcome

Back 29

passive avoidance learning

Front 30

Strengthening a behavior through the presentation of an event such as food

Back 30

positive reinforcement

Front 31

The principle that the opportunity to engage in a frequent behavior will reinforce a less frequent behavior

Back 31

Premack principle

Front 32

An event that is reinforcing because of its own properties

Back 32

primary reinforcer

Front 33

An event that decreases the probability that a response will be repeated

Back 33

punishment

Front 34

A behaviorist who denies that internal, private events are causes of behavior

Back 34

radical behaviorist

Front 35

An event that follows a response and increases the later probability or frequency of that response

Back 35

reinforcer

Front 36

A rule or procedure linking the pattern of responses to the reinforcement

Back 36

schedule of reinforcement

Front 37

An event that becomes reinforcing because it has previously been associated with a primary reinforcer

Back 37

secondary reinforcer

Front 38

The perception of one's own ability to perform a task successfully

Back 38

self-efficacy

Front 39

A time early in life during which some kind of learning occurs most readily

Back 39

sensitive period

Front 40

A technique for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations

Back 40

shaping

Front 41

Movements of teh muscles that move the limbs, trunk, and head

Back 41

skeletal response

Front 42

The view that people learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others andy by imagining the consequences of their own behavior

Back 42

social-learning approach

Front 43

The temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay

Back 43

spontaneous recovery

Front 44

The ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage other

Back 44

stimulus control

Front 45

1) In classical conditioning the extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli
2) In operant conditioning the tendency to make a similar response to a stimulus that resembles one that has already been associated with reinforcement

Back 45

stimulus generalization

Front 46

A field that attempts to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response

Back 46

stimulus-response psychology

Front 47

An automatic connection between a stimulus and a response

Back 47

unconditioned reflex

Front 48

An automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

Back 48

unconditioned response (UCR)

Front 49

A stimulus that automatically elicits an unconditioned response

Back 49

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Front 50

A rule for delivering reinforcement after varying numbers of correct responses

Back 50

variable-ratio schedule

Front 51

The observed reinforcement or punishement experieneced by someone else

Back 51

vicarious reinforcement (punishment)

Front 52

Activities of the internal organs

Back 52

visceral responses