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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
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UCS
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An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
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UCR
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A previously neural stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
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CS
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A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
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CR
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Suzy goes out to her tree house where a swarm of bees nested near her tree house and she gets stung when she climbs up to the tree house. This happens three times in a week. Suzy becomes fearful of the treehouse and cries violently when her dad tries to get her to climb up the tree house.
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UCS: Suzy goes to tree house where bees are.
UCR: gets stung CS: Afraid of tree house CR: Cries violently when she gets near |
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Jerry's wife gets a new nightgown and wears it whenever she is in the mood for sexual relations. After a month, the sight of the nightgown alone is enough to excite Jerry.
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UCS: Nightgown
UCR: Sexual Relations CS: Nightgown alone CR: Jerry gets excited |
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A couple goes to a movie on their first date and they have a wonderful time, eventually getting married. Whenever they see this movie on the late night show, they get tender feelings and think about each other.
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UCS: Couple goes to movie for 1st date
UCR: Have a wonderful time CS:Watch same movie CR: Tender feelings |
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A student survives a plane crash that occurred during a thunderstorm. Now, whenever the students hears thunder, he gets anxious.
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UCS: Survive plane crash
UCR:During thunderstorm CS: Thunderstorms CR: Anxious |
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The main stage of learning something.
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Acquisition
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The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
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Extinction
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The reappearance of an obsolete response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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This usually happens when an organism that has learned a response to a certain stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
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Stimulus Generalization
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When an organism has learned a response to a certain stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.
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Higher-Order Conditioning
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An event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response.
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Reinforcement
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A small enclosure in which an animal can make a certain response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
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Skinner Box
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Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time.
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Cumulative Recorder
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A form of learning where voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
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Operant Conditioning
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What are the processes of Operant Conditioning?
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Acquisition, Shaping, and Extinction
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The reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response.
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Shaping
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When an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.
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Extinction
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How does stimuli govern Operant Behavior?
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Controlled by consequences as organisms learn response-outcome associations. Or stimuli that precede a response.
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Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response.
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Discriminative Stimuli
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A cat gets excited whenever it hears the sound of a can opener because that sounds has become a...
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Discriminative Stimulus of Operant Behavior
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A cat getting excited at the sound of a kitchen appliance.
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Generalization of Operant Behavior
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Events that are naturally reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. Examples include, food, water, warmth, sex, and perhaps affection.
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Primary Reinforcers
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Events that achieve reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. Examples include, money, good grades, attention, flattery, praise, and applause.
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Secondary or Conditioned Reinforcers
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A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.
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Schedule of Reinforcement
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Occurs when a directed response is reinforced only some of the time
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Intermittent Reinforcement
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Occurs when every instance of a directed response is reinforced.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses. Ex: A rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press. A salesperson receives a bonus for every fourth set of golf clubs sold.
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Fixed-Ratio FR Schedule
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The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. EX: A rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press on the average. A slot machine in a casino pays off once every sixth try on the average.
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Variable-Ratio Schedule VR
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The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed. EX: A rat is reinforced for the first lever press after a 2-minute interval has passed and must wait 2 minutes to receive the next.
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. EX: A rat is reinforced for the first lever press after a 1-minute interval has elapsed, but the following intervals are 3 min, 2, 4 min and so. A person repeatedly dials a busy phone number. (getting through is the reinforcer)
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Variable-Interval Schedule
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Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
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Positive Reinforcement
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Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.
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Negative Reinforcement
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What is the main difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
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A response leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus rather than the arrival of a pleasant stimulus.
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An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
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Escape Learning
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What does negative reinforcement play a key role in?
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Escape Learning and Avoidance Learning
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An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring.
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Avoidance Learning
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Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
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Punishment
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What is the main function of punishment?
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Involves the presentation on an aversive stimulus, thereby weakening a response. and discipline.
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Occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes.
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Instinctive Drift
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Occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
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Observational Learning
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