Psychology Chapter 4,5 And 8 Review

Front 1

What is motivation?

Back 1

A condition or state that energizes and directs an organism's actions.

Front 2

What is consciousness?

Back 2

A sense of self and the world around us

Front 3

What is sensation?

Back 3

Sensation is the simple impact of a stimulus on the organism

Front 4

What is perception?

Back 4

Perception is the organization of sensation into a meaningful pattern. It is a process of organizing the senses and the outcome of that is A 'percept'.

Front 5

What is emotion?

Back 5

Instinctive or intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning or knowledge. A natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.

Front 6

What is homeostasis?

Back 6

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. Internal body temperature is an example of homeostasis.

Front 7

How does homeostasis relate to motivation?

Back 7

An early theory of motivation proposed that the maintenance of homeostasis is particularly important in directing behavior. Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation.

Front 8

What are the various eating disorders?

Back 8

Obesity, anorexia, and bulimia. Obesity places a person at risk for developing one or more serious health problems such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and depression. Suggested caused for obesity include genetic factors, conditions of early development, emotional stress, and metabolic factors. Causes for anorexia and bulimia include a disturbed body image, depression, anxiety, and possible physical abnormalities involving neurotransmitters, the hypothalamus and/or endocrine system. Everyone needs to eat as it is a basic fundamental physiological need and they relate to motivation in that they explain why people do the things they do as they are psychological needs, not biological or physiological.

Front 9

What is transduction?

Back 9

Process by which sensory organs transform mechanical, chemical, or light energy into the electromechanical energy that is generated by neutrons firing.

Front 10

What is a "need"?

Back 10

A physiological need is a need that if not met, it will effect the tissue of the body (example....water and air). A need is a condition of the organism in which there is a depletion of bodily fluids or the presence of painful or noxious stimulation.

Drugs fits in physiological needs such as addiction. A psychological need is any need that is not biological or physiological need.

Front 11

What is a "drive"?

Back 11

an innate, biologically determined urge to attain a goal or satisfy a need.

Front 12

What is a goal?

Back 12

A goal is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envisions, plans and commits to achieve

Front 13

What does a need, drive, goal and incentive all stand for in Psychology?

Back 13

They are the fundamentals of the theory of motivation. They represent a tension reduction system.

Front 14

What is the difference between "physiological" needs and "psychological" needs?

Back 14

Physiological needs are physical. They represent a need that if not met will effect the tissue of the body.

Psychological needs are any needs that are not biological or physiological. Taking a test is a psychological need, not a physical one.

Front 15

What parts of the brain are involved in motivation and in emotion?

Back 15

The frontal lobe is the part of the brain that is involved with motivation and emotion as it is the largest foremost lobe in the cerebral cortex that controls imagination, creativity, movement, emotion, memory, inhibition, as well as self control self-discipline, patience and being socially appropriate. The hypothalamus controls anything that controls emotions. Hypo means underneath.

Front 16

Can you describe and explain Abraham Maslow's paradigm regarding motivation? What was it called? What kind of a theorist was he?

Back 16

Marlow was a clinical psychotherapist who created the hierarchy of needs pyramid which listed the physiological and psychological needs in order of importance, with physiological needs on the bottom, to security and safety, esteem, respect, status belonging on the following tier cognitive needs further up, aesthetic (art), with self actualization at the top.

Front 17

What is the difference between "intrinsic" and "extrinsic" motivation?

Back 17

Intrinsic means the reward you get for doing something is inside (like drawing or painting or a hobby). Extrinsic means the reward comes from outside the activity (money, respect, fame)

Front 18

What have humans replaced instinct with?

Back 18

Learning

Front 19

According to cognitive dissonance theory, what happens to a smoker who believes that smoking causes Cancer?

Back 19

Cognitive means to know, so cognitive needs means the need to know. In cognitive dissonance, you have different ideas in your mind that causes tension, so in the case of a smoker, there would be internal morale conflict about whether to smoke or not vs their own physiological needs due to the addiction.

Front 20

What are some of the research findings on obesity?

Back 20

Over 60 percent of adult Americans are overweight and 36 percent are obese, weighing 20 percent or more above the desirable weight for their height. Over 17 percent of children are now obese. It is estimated to cost well over 100 billion each year in direct and indirect medical expenses as well as loss in productivity. Obesity greatly increases the risk of high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, gall bladder disease, respiratory problems, and arthritis as well as low self esteem and depression.

Front 21

How is body mass index used to calculate obesity?

Back 21

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Body Mass Index is a simple calculation using a person's height and weight. The formula is BMI = kg/m2 where kg is a person's weight in kilograms and m2 is their height in metres squared. A BMI of 25.0 or more is overweight, while the healthy range is 18.5 to 24.9. BMI applies to most adults 18-65 years.

Front 22

In which animals does instinct play a major role in determining their behavior?

Back 22

Birds building a nest, hibernating and migrating. These are involuntary instincts as well as killing.

Front 23

How was instinct defined in class?

Back 23

An instinct is a relatively complex series or sequence of responses over a period of time to a stimulus or a stimulus pattern in an environment that is automatic (inborn, inherited, involuntary) unlearned, relatively non-conscious, characteristic of every single member of that species without exception.

Front 24

Do psychologists believe that there are any human instincts? If so what are they?

Back 24

Psychologists believe the one instinct humans still haves survival bit overall, humans have replaced instinct with learning.

Front 25

What was Sigmund Freud's view of human instincts? Did he think there were any?

Back 25

Freud believed in death and love instincts the instinct and desire to love aka the sex drive, and the instinct to destroy.

Front 26

What is the HECS paradigm?

Back 26

HECS stands for heirarchy of evolutionary characteristics for survival. The paradigm is in order of importance with phenotype (No behavior) at the bottom with th reflex and instinct above it which represents hereditary behavior, imprinting which represents environmental and hereditary, and learning at the top which is environmental.

Front 27

What is the critical period of development

Back 27

The critical period of development is a window of time during which lifelong behavior arises in response to a stimus or stimulus pattern from the environment that is present while that window is present.

If that same stimulus pattern is present before the window of time opens or closed, it will have no lifelong effect on that organism

Front 28

What is learning?

Back 28

Learning is new behavior that comes about from the environment. Learning is acquired behavior. It is relatively permanent.

Front 29

What is a phenotype?

Back 29

A phenotype is the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Front 30

How many different sensory modalities did Aristotle think we had?

Back 30

Five. And no he was not right as there are more such as the sense of pain and kinethesis (sense of balance)

Front 31

What kind of taste buds do we have?

Back 31

Humans have little bumps on the tongue called papillae each often contain as much as two hundred taste buds which in turn contain receptor cell's called microcell.

Front 32

What kind of visual receptor cell's do we have? Where are they located and what are they called

Back 32

Rods and cones (photoreceptor cell's) located across the inner "layer" of the retina.

Front 33

What is Figure on ground and perceptual self

Back 33

Figure on ground is a Gestalt perception principle on how we organize depth perception of 3 dimensional image of an object in the foreground and background.

A perceptual set is A readiness to respond to a stimulus or a stimulus pattern from the environment in a predetermined manner.

Front 34

What is a cue?

Back 34

A cue is anything that makes perception possible.

Front 35

What explains our sense of smell

Back 35

When seashell something, molecules of its fragrance enterprise nasalcpassagr from the nose and receptor cells in the olfactory mucosa transducer these stimuli into neural messages that are transmitted to the brain.

Front 36

What are the laws of proximity, similarity, closure, pragnanz

Back 36

pragnanz or good form is perception grouping by order, closure is visual grouping where things need to make logical sense in transcode similar shape and continuity means arranging visuals in similar shape and pattern. Proximity is arranging things to logical depth perception.

Front 37

Why is depth perception of distance important?

Back 37

It is important because it gives us accurate dimensional space to view to avoid accidents

Front 38

What is insight and aha experience

Back 38

Involves perception and learning