Psychology : Chapter 1

Front 1

the view that
1. knowledge comes from experience through the senses
2. science flourishes through observation and experiment

Back 1

empiricism

Hint 1

John Locke

Front 2

An early school of psychology that used INTROSPECTION (looking inward) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

Back 2

structuralism

Front 3

A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Back 3

functionalism

Front 4

Aristotle?
Augustine?
Locke?

Back 4

Mind & body are connected + the mind is a blank slate

Front 5

Socrates?
Plato?
Descartes?

Back 5

Mind & body are distinct + some ideas are inborn

Front 6

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Back 6

Neuroscience

Front 7

How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes

Back 7

Evolutionary

Front 8

How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Back 8

Behavior genetics

Front 9

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Back 9

Psychodynamic

Front 10

How we learn observable responses

Back 10

Behavioral

Front 11

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Back 11

Cognitive

Front 12

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Back 12

Social-cultural

Front 13

Survival of the fittest

Back 13

Natural Selection

Front 14

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Back 14

Basic Research

Front 15

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Back 15

Applied Research

Front 16

exploring the links between brain and mind

Back 16

Biological Psychologists

Front 17

studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb

Back 17

Developmental Psychologists

Front 18

experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

Back 18

Cognitive Psychologists

Front 19

investigating our persistent traits

Back 19

Personality Psychologists

Front 20

exploring how we view and affect one another

Back 20

Social Psychologists

Front 21

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Back 21

Clinical Psychology

Front 22

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments (like drugs) as well as psychological therapy

Back 22

Psychiatry

Front 23

medical doctors who treat PHYSICAL CAUSES of psychological disorders with prescribed drugs

Back 23

Psychiatrists

Front 24

- the 'I knew it all along phenomenon'
- everything seems obvious
- the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it
--> tends to lead to overconfidence

Back 24

Hindsight Bias

Front 25

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions but examines assumptions, ect

Back 25

Critical Thinking

Front 26

psychologists make observatory form theories and then refine their theories in the light of new observations

Back 26

Scientific Method

Front 27

explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events

Back 27

Theory

Front 28

- a testable prediction often implied by a theory
- educated guess

Back 28

Hypothesis

Front 29

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
ie : intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

Back 29

Operational Definition

Front 30

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the base finding extends to other participants and circumstance

Back 30

Replication

Front 31

psychologists study one individual in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all

Back 31

Case Study

Front 32

a technique for ascertainng the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative; random sampling

Back 32

Survey

Front 33

the tendency to overestimate others' agreement with us

Back 33

False Consensus Effect

Front 34

the whole group you wanted to study and describe

Back 34

Population

Front 35

One in which every person in the entire group ahas an equal chance of participating

Back 35

Random Sample

Front 36

watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural enviroment

Back 36

Naturalistic Observations

Front 37

a statistical measure of relationships : it reveals how closely two things vary togethere and thus how well either one predicts the other

Back 37

Correlation Coefficient

Front 38

- illustrates perfect positive and negative correlations
- each point plots the value of two variables

Back 38

Scatterplots

Front 39

the perception of a relationship where non exists

Back 39

Illusory Correlation

Front 40

- cleanest and clearest way to isolate cause and effect
- enable a researcher to focus on possible effects of one or more factors
1. manipulating the factors of interest (independent variable)
2. holding constant 'controlling' other factors (dependent variable)

Back 40

Experiment

Front 41

- enables researchers to check a treatment's actual affects apart from the research participant's (and their own) enthusiasm for it and from the healing power of belief
- commonly used in drug evaluation studies

Back 41

Double-Blind Procedure

Front 42

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance condition, which is assumed to be an active agent

Back 42

Placebo Effect

Front 43

the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Back 43

Experimental Condition

Front 44

the condition of an experiment that controls with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Back 44

Control Condituon

Front 45

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing pre existing differences between those assigned to the different groups

Back 45

Random Assignment

Front 46

the experimental factor - that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Back 46

Independent Variable

Front 47

the experimental factor - in psychology, the behavior of mental process - that is being measured, the variable that may change in response to manipulations or the independent variable

Back 47

Dependent Variable

Front 48

anything that can vary

Back 48

Variable

Front 49

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Back 49

Mode

Front 50

the arithmetic average of a distribution

Back 50

Mean

Front 51

the middle score in a distribution

Back 51

Median

Front 52

the difference between the highest and the lowest scores in distribution

Back 52

Range

Front 53

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean / average scare

Back 53

Standard Deviation

Front 54

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Back 54

Statistical Significance