Discovering Psychology Chapter 4

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment.

Front 2

Circadian Rhythm

Back 2

A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.

Front 3

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Back 3

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms.

Front 4

Melatonin

Back 4

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

Front 5

Electroencephalograph

Back 5

An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain's electrical activity.

Front 6

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Back 6

The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph.

Front 7

REM sleep

Back 7

Type of sleep dduring which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep.

Front 8

NREM sleep

Back 8

Quiet, typically dreamelss sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep.

Front 9

Beta brain waves

Back 9

Brain-wave patterns associated with alert wakefulness.

Front 10

Alpha brain waves

Back 10

Brain-wave patterns associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness.

Front 11

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Back 11

Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep.

Front 12

Sleep spindles

Back 12

Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage 2 NREM sleep.

Front 13

K complex

Back 13

single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep.

Front 14

Sleep paralysis

Back 14

A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night.

Front 15

REM rebound

Back 15

A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted.

Front 16

Restorative theory of sleep

Back 16

The view that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mental functioning.

Front 17

Adaptive theory of sleep

Back 17

The view that the unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote survival and environmental adaptation.

Front 18

Sleep Disorders

Back 18

Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress.

Front 19

Insomnia

Back 19

A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or feel adequately rested by sleep.

Front 20

Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

Back 20

A condition in which unpleasant sensations in the lower legs are acompanied by an irresistible urge to move the legs, temporarily relieving the unpleasant sensation but disrupting sleep.

Front 21

Sleep Apnea

Back 21

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep.

Front 22

Sleepwalking

Back 22

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep, also called somnambulism.

Front 23

Night terrors

Back 23

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep.

Front 24

Parasomnias

Back 24

A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions.

Front 25

REM sleep behavior disorder

Back 25

A sleep disorder in which the sleeper acts out his or her dreams.

Front 26

Narcolepsy

Back 26

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.

Front 27

Cataplexy

Back 27

A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.

Front 28

Sleep thinking

Back 28

Repetitive, bland, and uncreative ruminations about real-life events during sleep.

Front 29

Dream

Back 29

A storylike episode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep.

Front 30

Nightmare

Back 30

A frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep.

Front 31

Manifest content

Back 31

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that arer consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.

Front 32

Latent content

Back 32

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.

Front 33

Activation-synthesis model of dreaming

Back 33

The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images which are remembered by the brain into a dream story.

Front 34

Hypnosis

Back 34

A cooperative social interaction in which teh hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior.

Front 35

Posthypnotic suggestion

Back 35

A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session.

Front 36

Posthypnotic amnesia

Back 36

The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion.

Front 37

Hypermnesia

Back 37

The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion.

Front 38

Dissociation

Back 38

The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

Front 39

Neodissociation theory of hypnosis

Back 39

Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis.

Front 40

Hidden observer

Back 40

Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis.

Front 41

Meditation

Back 41

Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness.

Front 42

Psychoactive drug

Back 42

A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior.

Front 43

Physical dependence

Back 43

A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Front 44

Drug tolerance

Back 44

A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect.

Front 45

Withdrawal symptoms

Back 45

Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent.

Front 46

Drug rebound effect

Back 46

Withdrawal symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's reaction.

Front 47

Drug abuse

Back 47

Recurrent drug use that results in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems.

Front 48

Depressants

Back 48

A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity.

Front 49

Barbituates

Back 49

A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness.

Front 50

Tranquilizers

Back 50

Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety.

Front 51

Opiates

Back 51

A category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties.

Front 52

Stimulants

Back 52

A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness.

Front 53

Caffeine

Back 53

A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the-counter medications.

Front 54

Nicotine

Back 54

A stimulant drug found in tobacco products.

Front 55

Amphetamines

Back 55

A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite.

Front 56

Cocaine

Back 56

A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree.

Front 57

Stimulant-induced psychosis, or amphetamine psychosis or cocaine psychosis.

Back 57

Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as a result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use.

Front 58

Psychedelic drugs

Back 58

A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.

Front 59

Mescaline

Back 59

A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus.

Front 60

LSD

Back 60

A synthetic psychedelic drug.

Front 61

Marijuana

Back 61

A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant.

Front 62

MDMA or ecstasy

Back 62

Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects.

Front 63

Dissociative anesthetics

Back 63

Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and Ketamine.

Front 64

Sigmund Freud

Back 64

1856-1939 Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis; proposed that dream images are disguised and symbolic expressions of unconscious wishes and urges.

Front 65

Ernest R. Hilgard

Back 65

1904-2001 American psychologist who extensively studied hypnosis and advanced neodissociation theory of hypnosis.

Front 66

J. Allan Hobson

Back 66

1933-present Contemporary American psychiatrists and neurobiologist who has extensively researched sleep and dreaming; proposed the activation synthesis model of dreaming.

Front 67

William James

Back 67

1842-1910 American psychologist and philosopher who proposed that the subjective experience of consciousness is not episodic, but an ongoing stream of mental activity.