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71 Cards in this Set

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Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Structuralism
Early School of Psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components, or structures, of conscious experiences.
Functionalism
Early school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experiences.
Psychoanalysis
Personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasize the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior.
Behaviorism
School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning.
Humanistic Psychology
School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction.
Evolutionary Psychology
The application of principles of evolution, including natural selection, to explain psychological processes and phenomena.
Culture
The attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another.
Cross-cultural psychology
Branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own culture of ethnic group is superior to all others, and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures.
Individualistic cultures
Cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group.
Collectivistic cultures
Cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual.
Scientific Method
A set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions.
Empirical Evidence
Evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or experimentation.
Hypothesis
A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
Variable
A factor that can vary, or change, in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified.
Operational definition
A precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured.
Critical thinking
The active process of trying to minimize the influence of preconceptions and biases while rationally evaluating evidence, determining the conclusions that can be drawn from evidence, and considering alternative explanations.
Statistics
A branch of mathematics used by researchers to organize, summarize, and interpret data.
Statistically significant
A mathematical indication that research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance.
Meta-analysis
A statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends.
Replicate
To repeat of duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings.
Theory
A tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations.
Descriptive research methods
Scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behaviors and events.
Naturalistic observation
The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting.
Psuedoscience
A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.
Paranormal phenomena
Alleged abilities or events that fall outside the range of normal experience and established scientific explanations.
Rule of falsifiability
In order for a claim to be scientifically tested and proved true, there must be identifiable evidence that could prove the claim false.
Illusory correlation
The mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not.
Case study
An intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals.
Survey
A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group.
Sample
A selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studied.
Representative sample
A selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics.
Random selection
Process in which subjects are selected randomly from a larger group such that every group member has en equal chance of being included in the study.
Correlational study
A research strategy that allows the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other.
Correlation coefficient
A numerical indication of the magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables.
Positive correlation
A finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction, increasing or decreasing together.
Negative correlation
A finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, one increases as the other decreases.
Experimental method
A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.
Independent variable
The purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment; also called the 'treatment of interest.'
Dependent variable
The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment; thought to be influenced by the independent variable.
Random assignment
The process of assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups in the study.
Experimental group OR Experimental condition
In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable or treatment of interest.
Control group OR Control condition
In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable or treatment of interest; the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared.
Placebo control group
In an experiment, a control group in which the participants are exposed to a fake independent variable or placebo. The effects of the placebo are compared to the effects of tha actual independent variable, or treatment of interest, on the experimental group.
Practice effect
Any change in performance that results from mere repetition of a task.
Expectancy effects
Changes in a subject's behavior produced by the subject's belief that change should happen; also called 'placebo effects.'
Double-blind study
Experimental technique in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with the participants is aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned.
Demand characteristics
In a research study, subtle cues or signals expressed by the researcher that communicate the kind of response or behavior that is expected from the participant. These are avoided by using a double-blind study.
Mary Whiton Calkins
1863-1930 American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; established one of the first US psychology research laboratories; first woman president of the American Psychological Association.
Charles Darwin
1809-1882 English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859.
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939 Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis.
G. Stanley Hall
1844-1924 American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States; founded the American Psychological Association.
William James
1842-1910 American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United states and established the psychological school called functionalism.
Abraham Maslow
1908-1970 American humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation.
Ivan Pavlov
1849-1936 Russian physiologist whose pioneering research on learning contributed to the development of behaviorism; discovered the basic learning process that is now called classical conditioning.
Carl Rogers
1902-1987 American psychologist who founded the school of humanistic psychology.
Edward B. Titchener
1867-1927 British-born American psychologist who founded structuralism, the first school of psychology.
Margaret Floy Washburn
1871-1939 American psychologist who was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the United States; published research on mental processes in animals.
John B. Watson
1878-1958 American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes.
Wilhelm Wundt
1832-1920 German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879.
7 major perspectives in contemporary psychology
1. Biological perspective
2. Psychodynamic perspective
3. Behavioral perspective
4. Humanistic perspective
5. Cognitive perspective
6. Cross-cultural perspective
7. Evolutionary perspective
Biological perspective
The perspective that emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.
Psychodynamic perspective
The perspective that emphasizes the importances of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems. Sigmund Freud.
Behavioral perspective
The perspective that emphasizes observable behaviors and the fundamental laws of learning. John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner.
Humanistic perspective
The perspective that focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential. Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow.
Cognitive perspective
The perspective that focuses on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember infomration, develop language, solve problems, and think.
Cross-cultural perspective
The perspective that studies how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior.
Evolutionary perspective
The perspective that studies the application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena. Charles Darwin.
The Steps in the Scientific Method:
1. Formulate a hypothesis that can be tested empirically.
2. Design the study and collect the data.
3. Analyze the data and draw conclusions.
4. Report the findings.
The 5 key provisions of the APA ethics code for research involving humans.
1. Informed consent and voluntary participation.
2. Students as research participants must be given alternate activities to participation to fulfill the requirement for credit.
3. No Deception unless both of the following are fulfilled:
a.It is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception
b.The potential findings justify the use of deception because of their applied value.
4. Confidentiality of information
5. Information about the study and debriefing.