Psychology Ch. 16

Front 1

Social Pyschology

Back 1

study of ways thoughts, feelings, perceptions, motives, & behavior are influenced by interactions & transactions between people

Front 2

social cognition

Back 2

process by which people select, interpret, & remember social info

Front 3

The manager considers the evidence you present (you're late & disheveled) & makes an interpretation of the situation. He is _____ ______ ______

Back 3

constructing social reality

Front 4

The experiment with the different newspaper accounts of the game between Dartmouth & Princeton had the subjects___________ & thus shows social situations obtain significance when observers _____ ____ what is happening in terms of what they expect to see & want to see.

Back 4

fill out a survey at both schools, watch a film of the game, & recorded their judgments about the number of infractions committed by each team; selectively encode

Front 5

social perception

Back 5

process by which people understand & categorize behaviors of others

Front 6

causal attributions

Back 6

judgments about forces that influence other's people behavior

Front 7

attribution theory

Back 7

general approach to describing ways the social perceiver uses info to generate causal explanations

Front 8

attribution theory originated in the writings of ____ who argued that people continually

Back 8

Fritz Heider;make causal analysis as part of their attempts at general comprehension of social world.

Front 9

Heider suggested that people are _________ who try to figure out what people are like & what causes their behavior

Back 9

intuitive psychologists

Front 10

Attributional analysis answers the question

Back 10

whether the cause of behavior is found in person (dispositional causality) or in the situation (situational causality), & who is responsible for outcomes

Front 11

Harold Kelley

Back 11

formalized Heider's line of thinking by specifying variables that people use to make their attributions

Front 12

___ made the important discovery that people most often make causal attributions for events under conditions of _________

Back 12

Kelley; uncertainty

Front 13

covariation principle

Back 13

people should attribute behavior to causal factor if that factor was present whenever the behavior occurred but was absent whenever it didn't occur.

Front 14

3 dimensions of covariation are

Back 14

1. distinctiveness: is behavior specific to situation?
2. consistency: does behavior occur repeatedly in response to situation?
3. consensus: are other people producing the same behavior in same situation?

Front 15

Research shows that people are more likely to choose the _____ explanation

Back 15

dispositional

Front 16

Lee Ross came up with the_____

Back 16

Fundamental Attribution Error or FAE

Front 17

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 17

represents dual tendency for people to overestimate dispositional factors & underestimate situational factors when searching for cause of behavior

Front 18

Ross' "College Bowl" experiment involved______ & showed that the contestants & observers' ratings

Back 18

a quiz game where subjects became questioners or contestants by flip of a coin; ignore the way in which the situation allowed one person to look bright and the other to look dull.

Front 19

Experiment with newspapers from Japan & US was about ____ & showed that

Back 19

financial scandal such as the 1995 collapse of England's oldest bank, Barings; US writers tended to make stronger positional attributions & Japanese authors made situational attributions.

Front 20

self serving bias

Back 20

leads people to take credit for their success while denying or explaining away responsibility for their failures

Front 21

Research has demonstrated that students tend to attribute

Back 21

high grades to their own efforts & low grades to factors external to themselves

Front 22

In the creativity experiment with a friend or stranger, subjects who worked with stranger made ____ , while those who worked with friends were___

Back 22

stronger attributions to themselves for success than failure; more consistent

Front 23

One of most powerful dimensions on self-fulfilling prophecies took its cue from a play called ____ by _____

Back 23

Pygmalion; George Bernard Shaw

Front 24

The effect of social expectancy or____ was recreated by ____ & school principle ____. The experiment involved telling teachers that a group of students were to show _____ ___later in the year.

Back 24

Pygmalion effect; Robert Rosenthal, Leonore Jacobson; academic gains

Front 25

In the experiment with 'academic spurters', ___ percent of the students gained ____ points by the end of the year.

Back 25

30; 22 IQ

Front 26

What were four process that were activated by teacher's expectations in the academic spurter test?

Back 26

1. they acted more warmly to spurters
2.put greater demands on them
3. gave immediate & clear feedback to them
4. gave more opportunities to speak up in class

Front 27

Self-fulfilling prophecies have greatest effect on ____ students

Back 27

low achieving

Front 28

when parents overestimate how much alcohol their kids will drink, those expectations become

Back 28

self-fulfilling prophecies

Front 29

____ introduce the term __ __ to label the process by which someone's expectations about another person influences second person to behavior in ways that confirm the expectations

Back 29

Mark Snyder; behavioral confirmation

Front 30

attitude

Back 30

positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, ideas

Front 31

accessibility

Back 31

property of attitudes that predicts behavior; strength associated between attitude object and person's evaluation of that object

Front 32

attitudes are better predictors of behavior when the attitudes & behaviors are measured at the same level of ____

Back 32

specificity

Front 33

In the test about birth control pills, the more ___the questions, the ____correlation with their actual behavior

Back 33

specific; higher

Front 34

elaboration likelihood model

Back 34

theory of persuasion that defines how likely it is that people will focus cognitive process to elaborate on persuasive message

Front 35

central route/high elaboration

Back 35

people think carefully about persuasive communication so that attitude change depends on strength of arguments

Front 36

peripheral route

Back 36

people do not focus critically on the message but respond to superficial cues in the situation

Front 37

The morning person/evening person experiment showed

Back 37

that people engage in central route processing when they were at optimal time of day

Front 38

who developed cognitive dissonance

Back 38

Leon Festinger

Front 39

cognitive dissonance

Back 39

state of conflict someone experiences after making a decision

Front 40

self perception theory

Back 40

infer what your internal states are or should be by perceiving how you are acting now & recalling how you have acted in the past

Front 41

door in face technique

Back 41

when people say no to large request, they say yes to small request

Front 42

foot in door technique

Back 42

once get foot in door, use your sense of commitment to increase your compliance

Front 43

prejudice

Back 43

attitude toward target object involving negative feelings, beliefs, that justify attitude, behavioral intention to avoid, control, dominate, eliminate

Front 44

Supreme Court's 1954 decision to outlaw____was based on research presented by

Back 44

segregated public education; kenneth clark