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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Symbols |
system for representing our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge, and for communicating them to other people |
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Langauge comprehension |
understanding what others say |
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Language production |
actually speaking to others |
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Which comes first, language production or language comprehension? |
Language comprehension |
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Generativity |
using the finite set of words in our vocabulary we can generate an infinite number of sentences, expressing an infinite number of ideas |
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Phonemes |
elementary units of sound used to produce sounds (ex. rake differs by only one phoneme from lake - /r/ versus /l/) |
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Phonological development |
first step in children's language learning is mastery of sound system of their language |
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Morphemes |
smallest unit of meaning, composed of one or more phoneme |
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Semantic development |
Second component of language learning which is learning the system for expressing meaning in a language |
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Syntax |
rules that specific how words from different categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) can be combined |
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Syntactic development |
third component in language learning which is learning the syntax of a language |
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Pragmatic development |
acquiring knowledge about how a language is used |
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metalinguistic knowledge |
understanding of the properties and function of language |
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Learning to comprehend and produce language involves phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic development, as well as metalinguistic knowledge about language. Which of those is involved in learning a sign language? |
The same factors are involved in learning a sign language |
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Give examples of primates that became famous for their ability to communicate with their human trainers and caretakers by manual signs. |
1. Washoe (chimpanzee) 2. Koko (gorilla) 3. Kanzi (ape) 4. Panbanisha (ape) |
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For the 90% of people who are right handed, language is primarily represented and controlled by the ___________ hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. |
right-handed |
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Brocas aphasia |
damage to left hemisphere (broca's area). difficulty producing speech |
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Wernicke's aphasia |
damage to area next to auditory cortex (wernicke's area). no trouble producing speech but what they say doesn't make sense because they don't have language comprehension |
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Victor the "Wild Child" |
found around 12 years old in wild and after extensive training he never learned more than a few words |
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Genie the "Wild Child" |
parents kept her tied up and locked alone in a room, rescued at age 13. Her language ability never developed much beyond the level of a toddlers |
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True or False: the most proficient were those who had begin learning a language before the age of 7. |
True |
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True or False: Adults who learned a second language at 1 to 3 years of age show the normal pattern of greater activity in the left hemisphere during a test of grammatical knowledge. Those who learned the language later show less localized activity including more right hemisphere activity |
True |
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"Less is more" account |
perceptual and memory limitations cause young children to extract and store smaller chunks of the language they hear than adults do which makes the task of analyzing and learning language easier |
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True or False: Infants apparently identify speech as something important very early: infants 2 months of age pay attention longer to speech sounds than to nonspeech |
True |
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Infant-directed talk (IDT) |
- distinctive way we talk to babies - not used in all cultures - speech suffused with affection - exaggeration - intonational qualities are used by mothers to signal approval and disapproval across languages |
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Is a child more likely to play with a toy when her mother says yes in a disapproving tone or no in an encouraging tone? |
No in an encouraging tone |
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True or False: Infants learn new words better whether in their native language or in a foreign one, when the words are presented in IDT |
True |
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What are the two basic necessities for acquiring language that infants are equipped with? |
Human brain and human environment |
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Prosody |
characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, and intonational patterns with which a language is spoke (ex. highly expressive speech of British speakers with relatively flat speech of Americans) |
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Categorical perception |
perception of speech sounds belonging to discrete categories |
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Voice onset time (VOT) |
length of time between when air passes through lips and when vocal cords start vibrating |
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True: All sounds in this continuum that have a VOT of less than 25 ms are perceived as /b/ and all those that have a VOT greater than 25 ms are perceived as /p/ |
True |
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True or False: Experiment. Two groups, both of which differed by equal amounts of VOT. However, the infants rate of sucking increased when the new sound came from a different phonemic category |
True |
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True or False: Infants can distinguish between phonemic contrasts made in all languages of the world, while adults can only perceive ones that are important in their native language. |
True |
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In English the _________ syllable in two-syllable words is much more often stressed, therefore infants attend longer to lists of words that follow this pattern. |
first |
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distributional properties |
certain sounds are more likely to appear together than are others |
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cocktail party effect |
tending selectively to the sound of their own name among a stream of speech sounds they are hearing |
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When does babbling occur? |
around 7 months |
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How do babies with deaf parents babble? |
They engage in silent babbling with hand movements that resemble adult sign |
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What is the first indication of communicative competence? |
Turn-taking |
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Reference |
starting to associate words with meaning |
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Productive vocabulary |
words a child is able to say |
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_________ predominate in the early productive vocabularies of children learning English |
Nouns |
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Holophrastic period |
expresses a whole phrase with a single |
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Overextension |
Using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate as when children use dog for any four-legged animal |
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-On average, American children say their first word around ______________. -Experience a vocabulary spurt around ______________. -Begin to produce simple sentences at around ______________. |
- 13 months - 19 months - 24 months |
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Fast mapping |
process of rapidly learning a new word simply from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar word and the unfamiliar word (asked the child to get "the chromium tray, not the red one") |
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Children expect that a given entity will have only one name. What is this principle called? |
Mutual Exclusivity |
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Whole object assumption |
A novel word refers to a whole object rather than a part of it |
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Pragmatic cues |
social context in which language is used |
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True or False: "Let's dax Mickey Mouse" One experimenter carried out a coordinated and apparently intentional action followed by a pleased comment ("There!") and the other carried out in a clumsy and apparently accidental way, followed by an exclamation of surprise ("Oops"). The children interpreted the novel verb dax as referring to the action the adult seemed to have intended to do |
True |
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If an adult labels an object in a way that conflicts with their knowledge of that object, how will the infant label the object (in the way that he knows or in the way the adult labeled it)? |
In the way the adult labeled it |
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Syntactic bootstrapping |
using grammatical sentences of whole sentences to figure out meaning |
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When do most children form their first sentences? |
End of their second year |
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Telegraphic speech |
children's first sentences are generally two word utterances ("more juice" or "drink juice") |
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Overregularization errors |
treat irregular forms as if they were regular (ex. mans, goes, foots, broked) |
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True or False: Parents correct statements that are factually incorrect but ignore even wildly ungrammatical mistakes. |
True |
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Collective monologues |
conversation between children that involves a series of non sequesters, with the content of each child having little or nothing to do with what the other child just said |
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Narratives |
Descriptions of past events that form a story (children don't produce these until around age 5)
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Noam Chomsky would be more closely identified with _____________ views |
nativist |
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Universal grammar |
a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages |
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Modularity hypothesis |
human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning |
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What is the strongest support for the modularity hypothesis? |
Nicaraguan deaf children invented their own pidgin sign language |
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Interactionist Views |
- maintain virtually everything about language is influenced by its communicative function - language basically a social skill |
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Connectionist Views |
Language development is based on general purpose learning mechanisms
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Connectionism |
Type of information processing theory that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units |
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Dual Representation |
object must be represented as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself (ex. a map) |
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The most common subject for young children to draw is _________________ |
the human figure |