Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensation |
processing of basic info from external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) and brain |
|
Perception |
process of organizing and interpreting sensory info |
|
True or False: Humans rely more heavily on vision than most species do: roughly 40 to 50% of our mature cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing |
True |
|
Preferential-looking technique |
different visual stimuli typically displayed on two side-by-side screens. If an infant looks longer at one of the two stimuli, the researcher can infer that the baby is able to discriminate between them and has a preference for one over the other. |
|
Habituation |
repeatedly presenting an infant with a given stimulus until the infants response to it declines |
|
Visual Acuity |
how clearly they can see |
|
Contrast sensitivity |
detect a pattern only when it is composed of highly contrasting elements |
|
Cones |
light sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea and are involved in seeing fine detail and color |
|
True or False: For the first month, young infants do not see much color but by 2 or 3 months of age, infants color vision is similar to that of adults. |
True |
|
True or False: A one month old would look primarily at the outer contour of the face and head, with a few fixations of the eyes. |
True |
|
Perceptual constancy |
When another person approaches or moves away from us, our retinal image of the person changes in size and shape but we do not have the impression that the person gets larger or smaller |
|
Object segregation |
identification of separate objects in a visual array |
|
Infants were shown a box with a rod behind it. What caused the infants to assume that the two rod segments they could see were a unitary object? |
common movement (the fact that the two segments always moved together in the same direction and at the same speed) |
|
True or False. It does not matter if the two parts of the object moving behind the block differ in color, texture, and shape, nor does it make much difference how they move. For infants, it is common movement that conveys oneness. |
True |
|
Optical expansion |
visual image of an object increase in size as the object gets closer to us |
|
Monocular or pictoral cues |
- perceptual cues that can be perceived by one eye alone - interposition: nearer objects occlude ones farther away - convergence of lines - relative size |
|
Binocular disparity |
eyes never send quite the same signal to the brain (closer to object we are, the greater the disparity) |
|
Stereopsis |
process by which visual cortex combines differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity, resulting in the perception of depth |
|
Auditory localization |
- when they hear a sound, newborns tend to turn toward it |
|
True or False: Infants pay more attention to a consonant version of a piece of music than a dissonant one |
True |
|
Infants perception of memory relies primarily on __________ hemisphere processing just as it does in most adults |
right |
|
Newborns prefer the smell of ... |
their mother (and her breast milk) |
|
What sense of touch dominates for the first few months of life |
oral exploration |
|
Intermodal perception |
combining of information from two or more sensory systems |
|
Infants shown a picture of the pacifier that had been in their mouth and a picture of a novel pacifier of a different shape or texture. Which did the infants look longer at? |
the pacifier they had sucked on |
|
Two computer screens display different films, one of which is coordinated with a soundtrack. Which did the infants respond more to? |
the film that matched the sounds they were hearing |
|
Reflexes |
Innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation |
|
Grasping reflex |
newborns close their fingers around anything that presses against the palm of their hand |
|
Rooting reflex |
turning their head in the direction of the touch and opening their mouth |
|
True or False. These reflexes are not fully automatic. For example, a rooting reflex is more likely to occur when an infant is hungry. |
True. |
|
Tonic neck reflex |
when an infants head turns or is turned to one side, the arm on that side of the body extends, while the arm and knee on the other side flex |
|
Stepping reflex |
if you hold a newborn under the arms so that his or her feet touch a surface, the baby will reflexively perform stepping motions |
|
Preaching movements |
clumsy swiping toward the general vicinity of objects they see |
|
Self locomotion |
moving around in the environment on their own (8 months) |
|
Infants first success at moving forward under their own power typically takes the form of ___________________. |
crawling |
|
There has been a recent secular change in motor development. Many babies have simply gone form sitting to walking. Why? |
Can be traced back to the campaign to put their babies to sleep on their backs |
|
True or False: 6 to 14 month old infants would readily cross the shallow side of the visual cliff but would not cross the deep side even when a parent was beckoning to them to come across it. |
True |
|
Scale errors |
try to do something with a miniature replica object that is too small for object (try to get into a small toy car) |
|
Differentiation |
extracting from the events in the environment those elements that are invariant, that remain stable |
|
Affordances |
possibilities for action offered by objects and situations (ex. small objects not large ones can be picked up, liquid can be poured and spilled, etc.) |
|
Classical conditioning |
associating initially neutral stimulus with a stimulus that always evokes a particular reflexive response |
|
Instrumental conditioning (or operant conditioning) |
Learning relation between a behavior and the reward/punishment it results in |
|
When 18 month olds see a person apparently try, but fail, to pull the ends off a dumbbell, what do they imitate? |
They imitate pulling the ends off--the action the person intended to do, not what the person actually did |
|
True or False: Infants attempt to reproduce the behavior and intentions of other people, but not of inanimate objects |
True |
|
When young infants are shown an attractive object and the room is then plunged into darkness, causing the object to disappear from view, most babies reach to where they last saw the object, indicating that they expect it to still be there. What principle does this violate? |
Object permanence |
|
Violation-of-expectancy |
If infants observe an event that violates something they know about the world they will be surprised or at least interested |
|
Do infants look longer at the possible or impossible event? |
impossible event |
|
Infants were habituated to a hand repeatedly reaching for a ball on one side of a display. Would infants look longer if the hand reached for the ball in a different position or a different object in the position the ball used to be? |
They look longer if the hand reaches for a different object |
|
True or False: Infants expect adults to search where he or she should believe the toy to be, rather than in the location where the infant knows it actually is. |
True |