Psychology Exam 2 Chapter 6 Learning And Conditioning

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Learning

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a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience

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Behaviorism

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a school of thought that emphasized observable behavior and learning through interactions with the environment

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Behaviorist Principles

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emphasis on learning, anti-mentalism, no differences between species

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emphasis on learning

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everything you are is the result of experience

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anti-mentalism

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everything must be observable

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no difference between species

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almost any organism can learn anything

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Habituation

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simples form of learning. Critically adaptive and important. not permanent. happens through experience. get used to things

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three ways of learning

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habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning

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Unconditioned Response (UR)

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a response that does not have to be learned. such as a reflex.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

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a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning

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Unconditioned

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natural, innate responses

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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a thimbles that elicits a response only after learning has taken place.

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conditioned response (CR)

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a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned

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What are the two types of stimulus-respnse relationships?

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unconditioned and conditioned

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Acquisition

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the formation of a learned response

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extinction

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weakening or eliminations of a learned response. stopped the pairing

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spontaneous recovery

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a reappearance of a learned response after an apparent extincition

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contiguity

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the critical element in the acquisition of a learned association is that the stimuli occur together in time.

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Stimulus generalization

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similar stimulus elicits CR. Adaptive: in nature, the CS is seldom experienced repeatedly in an identical fashion

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Stimulus Discrimination

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responding to certain stimuli and not others. animals learn to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the UCS an the other is not

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phobia

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acquired fear, out of proportion to the real threat.

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counterconditioning

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can be used in treatment against phobia. Show fear without US

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Taste aversion learning

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learning is not simple due to contiguous pairing of stimuli- it is also affected by biological factors.

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conditioned tast aversions

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link between fast (or smell) and illness, easily produced

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Biological Preparedness

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organisms are genetically prepared to fear certain objects. darkness, heights, snakes, insects

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Fear responses

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Seligman 1970.

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cognitive perspectives

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focuses on how expectations and prediction impact classical conditioning. Robert Rescorla

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classical conditioning

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is a passive associational process that does not take into account when organisms engage in instrument or purposeful behavior

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operant conditioning

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is the learning process in which an actions consequences determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future. B.F Skinner

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Law of Effect (thorndike an puzzle boxes)

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Behaviors filled by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened

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Skinner box (operant chamber)

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an apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on behavior of lab animals.

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reinforcement

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increase the probability of a behavior

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punishment

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decrease the probability of a behavior

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Reinforcer

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a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that a response will be repeated

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Primary reinforcer

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those satisfying basic biological needs

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secondary reinforcers

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those that do not satisfy basic biological needs and are learned through classical conditioning. "Good Dog". Medals

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Positive reinforcement

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increases response with positive stimulus. often a reward. increases behavior. something pleasant

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Negative reinforcement

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increases response with removal of negative stimulus (ointment on bites, seatbelt buzzer). removing something negative

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Shaping

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reinforcements used to gradually guide an animal or person toward a behavior

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Positive punishment

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decreases response by giving unpleasant stimulus. yelling, shocking, something being added

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Negative punishment

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decreases response by removing a desired stimulus. taking privileges. something unpleasant occurs. taking keys to car, removing food

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continuos reinforcement

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reinforcing a response each time it occurs. results in rapid learning, but not real life

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Partial reinforcement

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reinforcing only after a certain amount of time has passed or only after a certain number of responses have been made. more realistic

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ratio

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reinforcement after a certain number of times a response is produced

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interval

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after a period of time, reinforcement is available

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fixed

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reinforcement given on a set schedule, at every # of responses or every time period

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variable

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reinforcement given at different rates or times

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Partial reinforcement extinction effect

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greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement. Variable ratio schedule most associated with persistence of behavior

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biological constraints of operant conditioning

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biological limits to what an animal can learn

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instinctive drift

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conditioning is most effective if it if consistent with predispositions. organisms may revert to instinctive behavior: instinctive draft

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Latent learning

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learning that takes place without reinforcement. Tolman's classic study

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insight learning

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in problem-solving, solution emerges suddenly, with no clear antecedent

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observational learning

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learning that occurs after watching another perform a behavior. Albert Bandura-bobo doll

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modeling

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imitation of observed behavior. more likely to imitate models who are attractive, high status, and somewhat similar to ourselves. typically unaware of the influence of models on our behavior

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Vicarious learning

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learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for it

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Mirror neurons

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neurons activated when one observes another engaging in an action that was observed.

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pleasure centers

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areas in brain that produce pleasure when stimulated

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dopamine

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underlies positive reinforcement (operant) and affects secondary reinforcers too

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Long-term potentiation

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the strengthening of synaptic connects so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated, NDMA receptor involved

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Hebb's rule for LTP

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cells that fire together, wire together

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Doogie mice

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them and regular mice were given a test of memory and learning. Doogie mice recognized change when scientists changed an object

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vicarious reinforcement

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determines whether observer imitates. Is model reinforced or punished?