Psychology 101 Chapter 6

Front 1

memory

Back 1

the ability to store and retreive information over time

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encoding

Back 2

the process by which we trasform what we pereiceve think or feel into an enduring memory

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storage

Back 3

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

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retrieval

Back 4

the process of bringing to mind info that has been previously encoded and stored

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memories are constructed

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memories are made by combining info we already have with new info coming in through our senses

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how old memories influence new ones

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how we remember something depends on how we think about it at the time

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elaborative encoding

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the process of actively relating new info to knowledge that is already in our memory

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visual imagery encoding

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the process of storing new info by converting it into mental pictures

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placeholders

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verbal and visual systems

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organizational encoding

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the process of categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of items

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different types of judgements

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semantic, organizational, and visual

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why might metnal organization for an exam enhance your retrieval?

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you can improve recall of items by organizing them into multi level categories and thereby recruiting more ares of your brain

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encoding of survival related info

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memory mechanisms that help us survive should be passed down

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memory storage systems

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sensory

iconic

echoic

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sensory

Back 15

storage that holds sensory info for a less than a few seconds

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iconic

Back 16

fast decaying visual info storage

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echoic

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fast decaying auditory info storage

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short term memory/working memory

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storage that holds non snensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute, can hold about 7 items

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rehearsal

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the process of keeping info in STM by mentally repeating it

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chunking

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combining small pieces of info into larger clusters that are more easily held in STM

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working memory

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active maintenance of info in STM

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Long-term memory (LTM)

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storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capactity

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anterograde amnesia

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the inability to transfer new info from the short term store to the long term store

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retrograde amnesia

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the inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

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the hippocampus

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critical as an index for long term memory storage

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case of HM, who had his hippocampus (temporal lobe) removed to prevent seizures

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had STM but no LTM

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Long term potentiation (LTP)

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a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strenghtens the connection making further communication easier

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NMDA receptor

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a glutamate (excitatory) receptor that

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LTP in the Hippocampus

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after longterm potentiation, more receptors form on the post synaptic side

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retrieval: bringing memories to mind

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info is sometimes available in memory even when not accessible

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retrieval cues

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external info that helps bring stored info to mind

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encoding specificity principle

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the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which info was intially encoded

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state dependent retreival

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the tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and treieval

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transfer appropriate processing

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memory is likely to transfer from one situation from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

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consequences and components of retrieval

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the act of retrieval can sterengthen a retrieved memory however it can also cause forgetting

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retrieval induced forgetting

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a process by which retrieveing an item impairs subsequent retrieval of related items

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PET scans of successfula nd unseuccessful recall

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frontal lobe when try, hippocampus when succesful

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explicit memory

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the act of consciously or intentially retrieving past experiences

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semantic memory

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a network of associated facts and concepts that

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episodic memory

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the collection of past personal experience that occured at a specific time or place

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implicit memory

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the influence of past experiences on later behavior even without an effort remember them or an awareness of recollection

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procedural memory

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the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or "knowing how" to do things

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transcience

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forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

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retroactive interference

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situations in which info learned later impairs memory for info acquired earlier

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proactive interference

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situations in whih info learned earlier imparis memory for info acquired later

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absentmindedness

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a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

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prospective memory

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remembering to do things in the future

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blocking

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a failure to retrieve info that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

"tip of the tongue" phenomenon

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memory misattribution

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assigning recollection or an idea to the wrong source

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source memory

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recall of when where how info was acquired

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false recognition

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a feeling of familiarity about something you are not familiar

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suggestibility

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the tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections

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bias

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the ditorting influences of presnet knowledge belifets and feelings on recollection of previous experineces

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consistency bias

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the tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present

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change bias

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the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe was good

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was egocentric bias

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the tendency to exaggerate the chagne between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

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persistence

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the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

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flashbulb memories

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detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

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consolidation

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the process by which memories become stable in the brain

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reconsolidation

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memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled requiring them to become consolidated again

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Proposed explanations about why we don't remember before we were 2 years old

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emotional differences

gross synaptic neural changes

developmental shifts in cognitive self

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