Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Stage 1 Sleep
|
Awake and Closed Eyes Resting, Rapid Low Amplitude Brain Waves
|
|
|
Stage 2 Sleep
|
Slower Regular Wave Pattern
|
|
|
Sleep Spindles
|
Momentary Interruptions of Sleep
|
|
|
Stages 3 and 4
|
50% of the Night, Deep Sleep
|
|
|
REM Sleep
|
Shallower sleep throughout the night (Rapid Eye Movement), only 20% of sleep of adults, most dreams occur
|
|
|
Rebound Effect
|
When REM sleep deprived people are allowed to catch up
|
|
|
Nightmares
|
Frightening Dreams
|
|
|
Sigmund Freud
|
Unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled (Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory)
|
|
|
Manifest Content
|
What we remember about the dream
|
|
|
Latent Content
|
Underlying wishes dreams represent, threatening to the dreamer
|
|
|
Limbic Region
|
Active during sleep
|
|
|
Prefrontal Cortex
|
Only active during REM sleep
|
|
|
Dreams for Survival Theory
|
Dreams allow us to process info that is critical for survival, allow us to process info 24/7, allows people to consolidate memories
|
|
|
Action-Synthesis Theory
|
Electrical energy produced by brain during REM sleep memories in the brain, does not reject other sleep theorems
|
|
|
Insomnia
|
Difficulty Sleeping
|
|
|
Sleep Apnea
|
Difficulty breathing when sleeping, significant loss of REM sleep
|
|
|
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
|
Infants mysteriously die when sleeping
|
|
|
Night Terrors
|
Sudden awakenings from extreme fear in non-REM sleep
|
|
|
Narcolepsy
|
People suddenly fall into REM sleep, skipping other stages
|
|
|
Circadian Rhythms
|
24 hour biological processes (sleeping/eating), can involve variety of behavior
|
|
|
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
|
Controls Circadian Rhythms
|
|
|
Seasonal Affective Disorder
|
Shifting mood with changing seasons
|
|
|
Day Dreams
|
Dreams with more control over thoughts, happen during waking hours
|
|
|
Hypnosis
|
trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to others
|
|
|
Psychoactive Drugs
|
Influence Emotions, Perceptions, and Behavior
|
|
|
Addictive Drugs
|
Produce physiological or psychological dependence in the user, withdrawal leads to craving, very difficult to modify
|
|
|
Stimulants
|
Drugs who have an effect on central nervous system
|
|
|
Nicotine
|
Stimulant found in cigarettes
|
|
|
Amphetamines
|
increase concentration and reduce drowsiness (speed/acid)
|
|
|
Methamphetamine
|
Most dangerous street drug, highly illegal and addictive, increases sex drive and leads to paranoia and agitation (crystal meth)
|
|
|
Cocaine
|
Addictive stimulant that increases confidence and alertness
|
|
|
Depressants
|
Impedes nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly (alcohol)
|
|
|
Barbiturates
|
Sleep medication that becomes deadly when heavily used
|
|
|
Rohypnol
|
Date rape drug, can lead victims to not resist sexual assault
|
|
|
Narcotics
|
Relieve pain/anxiety
|
|
|
Morphine/Heroin
|
Popular narcotics produced by puppy seed pod
|
|
|
Hallucinogens
|
Magnifies feelings (marijuana)
|
|
|
Classical Conditioning
|
Helps explain diverse phenomena (crying when bride walks aisle)
|
|
|
Learning
|
Permanent change in behavior through experience (nature vs nurture)
|
|
|
Habituation
|
Decrease response to stimulus after repeated repetition (Ivan Pavlov)
|
|
|
Neutral Stimulus
|
Stimulus not related to reaction to actual stimulus
|
|
|
Unconditioned Stimulus
|
Stimulus that elicits the measured response
|
|
|
Unconditional Response
|
Response from unconditioned stimulus
|
|
|
Conditioned Stimulus
|
Stimulus that is paired with unconditioned stimulus and elicits response normally only caused by unconditioned stimulus
|
|
|
Conditioned Response
|
Response that occurs by using a previously neutral stimulus after conditioning
|
|
|
Phobias
|
Irrational fears
|
|
|
PTSD
|
Fear after traumatic experiences
|
|
|
Extinction
|
When conditioned responses return to being unconditioned
|
|
|
Stimulus Generalization
|
Stimuli that are similar elicit the same response (not as great as the conditioned response)
|
|
|
Taste Aversion
|
Taste is associated with an unpleasant stimuli
|
|
|
Operant Conditioning
|
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened depending on circumstances
|
|
|
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
|
Responses that lead to satisfying effects are likely to be repeated
|
|
|
Skinner Box
|
Made animals learn how to survive with limited resources
|
|
|
Reinforcement
|
Process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a proceeding behavior will be effected
|
|
|
Reinforcer
|
Stimulus that increases the probability that a proceeding behavior will occur again
|
|
|
Primary Reinforcer
|
Satisfies biological need
|
|
|
Secondary Reinforcer
|
Connected to primary reinforcer
|
|
|
Positive Reinforcer
|
Reward for repeated behavior
|
|
|
Negative Reinforcer
|
Reward for not repeating negative behavior
|
|
|
Punishment
|
Stimulus that decreases behavior
|
|
|
Positive Punishment
|
Weakens response through unpleasant stimulus
|
|
|
Negative Punishment
|
Removal of pleasant stimulus
|
|
|
Schedules of Reinforcement
|
Different patterns of frequency following desired behavior
|
|
|
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
|
Behavior is reinforced every time behavior occurs
|
|
|
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
|
Behavior is reinforced some time (maintain performance longer)
|
|
|
Fixed Ratio Schedule
|
Reinforcement is given after a certain amount of responses occur
|
|
|
Variable Ratio Schedule
|
When reinforcement only occurs after a varying number of responses occur
|
|
|
Fixed Interval Schedule
|
Reinforcement is provided after fixed time period has elapsed
|
|
|
Variable Interval Schedule
|
time between reinforcements varies over some average
|
|
|
Stimulus Control Training
|
Behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus
|
|
|
Shaping
|
Process of teaching complex behavior by slowly getting closer to the desired behavior
|
|
|
Behavior Modification
|
Formalized technique for promoting frequency of desirable behaviors
|
|
|
Cognitive Learning Theory
|
Approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought process that underlies learning
|
|
|
Latent Learning
|
New behavior is acquired but not demonstrated until incentive is provided
|
|
|
Encoding
|
Recording information to usable memory
|
|
|
Storage
|
Process of remembering
|
|
|
Retrieval
|
Ability to recall memory from storage
|
|
|
Memory
|
Process by which we encode, store and retrieve information
|
|
|
Sensory Memory
|
Initial memory storage, memory from senses
|
|
|
Short Term Memory
|
Memory held for 15-25 seconds
|
|
|
Long Term Memory
|
Held permanently, but may be difficult to retrieve
|
|
|
Iconic Memory
|
Visual memories
|
|
|
Echoic Memory
|
Audio memories
|
|
|
Chunk
|
Grouping information that can be stored in short term memory
|
|
|
Rehearsal
|
Transfer from short term to long term through repetition
|
|
|
Elaborative Rehearsal
|
Organizing information to help remember it
|
|
|
Mnemonics
|
Tips to remembering things
|
|
|
Senal Position Effect
|
Ability to recall information on a list, depends on item location on the list
|
|
|
Primary Effect
|
Enhanced ability to recall the items at the top of the list
|
|
|
Recent Effect
|
Enhanced ability to recall items at the bottom of the list
|
|
|
Declarative Memory
|
Factual information
|
|
|
Procedural Memory
|
Skills and habits
|
|
|
Semantic Memory
|
General knowledge/facts
|
|
|
Episodic Memory
|
Events occurring in a particular time or place
|
|
|
Semantic Networks
|
Mental preparations of clusters of interconnected information
|
|
|
Engram
|
Physical memory trace of the brain
|
|
|
Hippocampus
|
Consolidates memories
|
|
|
Amygdala
|
Involved with memories involving emotion
|
|
|
Long Term Protection
|
Certain neural pathways become excited when something new is learned
|
|
|
Social Learning Theory
|
Theory that learning is a cognitive process that happens through a social context
|
|
|
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
|
Difficulty to retrieve information held in long term memory
|
|
|
Retrieval Cue
|
Stimulus that helps recall information more easily
|
|
|
Recall
|
Retrieving certain memories from the brain
|
|
|
Recognition
|
Memory task where individuals are presented with a stimulus and are asked whether they have been exposed to it
|
|
|
Levels of Processing Theory
|
Theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is analyzed
|
|
|
Explicit Memory
|
Intentional recollection of info
|
|
|
Illicit Memory
|
Memories that people are not fully aware of
|
|
|
Priming
|
When a word or concept later makes it easier to recall info
|
|
|
Flashbulb Memories
|
Specific memories that are recalled easily with vivid imagery
|
|
|
Constructive Processes
|
Memories influenced by the meaning we give to events
|
|
|
Schemas
|
Organized bodies of information stuffed in memories that biases the way new information is interpreted
|
|
|
Repressed Memories
|
Recollections of events so shocking that the mind responds to pushing them into the unconscious
|
|
|
False Memories
|
When people are unable to recall a previous memory which is then replaced
|
|
|
Herman Ebbinghaus
|
First person to study forgetting
|
|
|
Decay
|
Loss of information through nonuse
|
|
|
Memory Traces
|
Places in the brain where things are learned
|
|
|
Interference
|
When info in the brain disrupts the recall of other info
|
|
|
Cue-dependent Forgetting
|
When there is insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle memory
|
|
|
Proactive Interference
|
When information learned earlier disrupts recollection of information learned later
|
|
|
Retroactive Interference
|
When information learned later disrupts recollection of information learned earlier
|
|
|
Alzheimer ’s Disease
|
Progressive brain disorder that leads to gradual and irreversible decline of cognitive abilities
|
|
|
Amnesia
|
Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties
|
|
|
Retrograde Amnesia
|
Memory loss for occurrences prior to a certain event
|
|
|
Anterograde Amnesia
|
Memory loss following an injury
|
|
|
Koroakoff’s Syndrome
|
Alcoholics hallucinating and repeating the same story
|
|
|
Thinking
|
Brain activity where we manipulate infotmation
|
|
|
Mental Images
|
Representations in the mind of an object or event
|
|
|
Concepts
|
Mental groupings of similar objects
|
|
|
Prototypes
|
Typical, highly representative examples of concept
|
|
|
Reasoning
|
Process by which information is used to draw conclusions/make decisions
|
|
|
Deductive Reasoning
|
Reasoning from general to specific
|
|
|
Inductive Reasoning
|
Reasoning from specific to general
|
|
|
Algorithm
|
Rule that appropriately guarantees a solution to a problem
|
|
|
Heuristic
|
Thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution
|
|
|
Availability Heuristic
|
Judge likelihood of event based on memory
|
|
|
Familiarity Heuristic
|
Familiar items superior to unfamiliar
|
|
|
Artificial Intelligent
|
field that examines how the use of technology can imitate the outcome of human thinking
|
|
|
Arrangement Problems
|
Require solver to rearrange or recombine elements to solve a problem
|
|
|
Inducing Structure Problems
|
Identifying existing relationships and constructing a new relationship among them
|
|
|
Well Defined Problem
|
Problem with the information to solve it clearly presented
|
|
|
Transformation Problem
|
Problem that consists of an initial or goal state
|
|
|
Means-End Analysis
|
Involves repeated tests for differences between desired outcome and what currently exists
|
|
|
Subgoals
|
Intermediate steps of problem solving
|
|
|
Insight
|
Sudden awareness of relationships among elements that appear to be unrelated
|
|
|
Functional Fixedness
|
Using an object only in its typical terms of use
|
|
|
Mental Set
|
Tendency to approach a problem a certain way because that approach worked previously
|
|
|
Confirmation Bias
|
When problem solvers prefer their first hypothesis and ignore contradictory information
|
|
|
Creativity
|
The ability to generate original ideas
|
|
|
Divergent Thinking
|
Thinking that generates unusual yet appropriate responses to questions
|
|
|
Covergent Thinking
|
Thinking in which a problem is viewed as having a single answer
|
|
|
Language
|
Communication of information through symbols arranged accorded to systematic rules
|
|
|
Grammar
|
System of rules that determines how thoughts can be expressed
|
|
|
Phonology
|
Study of the smallest units of speech, called phenomes
|
|
|
Syntax
|
Ways in which words/phrases can be combined to form sentences
|
|
|
Semantics
|
Meaning of words and phrases
|
|
|
Babble
|
Meaningless speech-like sounds made by babies who lack the ability to speak
|
|
|
Critical Period
|
Early part of life critical for language development
|
|
|
Learning Theory Approach
|
Theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning
|
|
|
Nativist Approach
|
Theory that humans are biologically pre-wired to learn language at certain times
|
|
|
Interactionist Approach
|
Suggests that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions/environmental circumstances that can help change language
|
|
|
Intelligence
|
Capacity to understand the world
|
|
|
G Factor
|
General Factor for mental ability to underlie intelligence
|
|
|
Fluid Intelligence
|
Intelligence that reflects the ability to reason abstractly
|
|
|
Crystalized Intelligence
|
Accumulation of info, knowledge and skills that people have learned through experience/education
|
|
|
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
|
Howard Gardner’s intelligence theory that proposes that there are 8 distinct spheres of intelligence
|
|
|
Practical Intelligence
|
Intelligence related to overall success in living
|
|
|
Emotional Intelligence
|
Set of skills that underlie accurate information
|
|
|
Intelligence Tests
|
Tests designed to quantify a person’s intelligence
|
|
|
Mental Age
|
Age for which a given performance is average
|
|
|
Intelligence Quotient
|
A measure of intelligence that takes into the account an individual’s mental/chronological age
|
|
|
Reliability
|
The property by which tests consistently measure what they are trying to measure
|
|
|
Validity
|
When the test measures what it’s supposed to measure
|
|
|
Norm
|
Standard of test performance that permits the comparison of one person’s test scores with the scores of other individuals
|
|
|
Mental Retardation
|
Condition characterized by significant limitations in mental and conceptual skills
|
|
|
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
|
Newborn intellectual disabilities caused by a mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
|
|
|
Familial Retardation
|
Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of it in the family
|
|
|
Intellectually gifted
|
Population with a IQ greater than 130
|
|
|
Culture-Fair IQ Test
|
Test that does not discriminate against a minority group
|
|
|
Heritability
|
Degree to which a characteristic is related to generic, inherited factors
|
|
|
Motivation
|
Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms
|
|
|
Instincts
|
Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned
|
|
|
Drive-Reduction Theory
|
Approaches to motivation that suggest that a lack of some biological need produces an organism to drive to satisfy the need
|
|
|
Drive
|
Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need
|
|
|
Homeostasis
|
Body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state
|
|
|
Arousal Approaches to Motivation
|
Each person tries to maintain a certain level of excitement and activity
|
|
|
Incentive Approaches to Motivation
|
Theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain rewards
|
|
|
Cognitive Approaches to Motivation
|
Theories suggesting that motivation is a result of people’s thoughts, beliefs, and goods
|
|
|
Self-Actualization
|
A state of self-fulfillment when people realize their potential in their own way
|
|
|
Obesity
|
Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height
|
|
|
Weight Set Point
|
Particular weight the body sets to maintain
|
|
|
Metabolism
|
The rate at which food is converted into energy and expanded by the body
|
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa
|
Eating disorder in which people refuse to eat and become dangerously skinny
|
|
|
Bulimia
|
Disorder when a person binges on food and then purges it by vomiting
|
|
|
Need for Achievement
|
Stable, learned characteristic when a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and achieving challenging goals
|
|
|
Need for Affiliation
|
Interest in establishment of relationships with other people
|
|
|
Need for Power
|
Tendency to seek, impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as a powerful individual
|
