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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory can work really well, but also prone to failure.
EX. Smartest person forgetting where they left their keys |
Paradox of Memory or
Paradoxial Memory |
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Memories are ________.
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Fallible
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Memories are________, not reproductive.
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Reconstructive
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A memory of the visual form
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Iconic Memory
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Memory of the auditory form
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Echoic
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What part of your memory is known as your "working memory"
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Short Term Memory
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When an image fades from your mind is________.
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Decay
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When memories compete with each other its called________.
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Interference
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When new information blocks old information, such as your primary language being blocked by learning a new language.
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Retroactive inhibition
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When old old information blocks new information, such as trying to learn how to use a new phone when you were used to the old one.
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Proactive inhibition
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Organizing material into groups of a certain amount
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Chunking
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1. Repeating information repeatedly is________.
2. Repeating the original form such as a phone number is_____. 3. Linking info in a meaningful way,such as visualizing two things to represent each other is_______. |
1. Rehearsal
2. Maintenance Rehearsal 3. Elaborative rehearsal |
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Memory of the larger capacity, meant to last over time?
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Long Term Memory
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Both are types of long term memory:
1. This is memory that we can recall intentionally or memory that we are aware of remembering? 2. This is memory that we do deliberately or without being aware of it? |
1. Explicit memory
2. Implicit memory |
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This is memory for an event where one was present, such as being at your 6th birthday party?
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Episodic Memory
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This is memory of generalized knowledge, such ad knowing the 50 states?
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Semantic Memory
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This is memory of how something is done and we do it involuntarily, such as turning on the TV?
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Procedural Memory
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Memory that comes from repeating an activity that we have already previously done such as reading a book we have already read once?
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Priming
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This is the term for entering information in the memory bank for later use?
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Encoding
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The process of keeping information stored for later use is called_______?
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Storage
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What is organized knowledge structure known as? Basically this is what organizes our stored memory?
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Schema
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This is a type of schema that organizes specific info of things that happen in everyday life, such as what we do in the mornings and what we expect when we eat at a restaurant?
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Script
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This is reactivating memories from storage?
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Retrieval
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There are 3 types of retrieval:
1. Generating previously remembered info is_____. 2. Selecting previously remembered info from an array of options is______. 3. Retrieving memory through seeing it again for a second time? |
1. Recall
2. Recognition 3. Relearning |
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This is when you try to accomplish memory in the short term by pack loading many things together at once in a short period of time?
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Cramming
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When we know what the answer is but can't produce the word we have______?
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Tip of the tongue
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When recall of external context matches context of original memories, such as classroom testing?
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Context-Dependent learning
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When recall of the internal state of the organism is the same as when info was encoded, such as your mood, where you were at, or if you were taking drugs or alcohol?
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State-Dependent Learning
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Strengthening of connections between neurons overtime is_____?
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Long Term Potentiation or LTP
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1. This is the loss of memory?
2. This is loss of memory AFTER the accident? 3. This is loss of memory BEFORE the accident? |
1. Amnesia
2. Anterograde 3. Retrograde |
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Change is an organism's behavior or thought as a result of an experience is________?
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Learning
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This is the process by which we respond less strongly to stimuli over time, such as getting used to glasses being on your face?
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Habituation
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This is responding to stimuli more strongly over time, such as being able to strongly hear people whispering in the movies?
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Sensitization
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Habituation and Sensitization are both ________ ways of learning?
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Nonassociative
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When a stimulus becomes paired with a response?
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Classical conditioning
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Heather naturally flinches when a light is turned on in a room. Her brother Troy is trying to get her to flinch when he puts his hand up. To do this he puts his hand up everytime a light is turned on when he is around Heather. Eventually, Heather flinches when Troy's hand is raised as well.
What is the Unconditioned Stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, and the conditioned response? |
Unconditioned stimulus is the light turning on.
Unconditioned response is Heather flinching to the light. Conditioned stimulus is Troy raising his hand. Conditioned response is Heather flinching to Troy's hand being raised. |
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This is the dislike of any certain food that is tasted, based on a past illness or sickness associated with that food type and it can happen after one instance, such as eating eggs and getting sick and never being able to eat them anymore without getting sick.
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Conditioned taste aversion
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Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established?
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Acquisition
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Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus?
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Extinction
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The sudden reemergence of extinguished conditioned response after a delay is________?
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Spontaneous Recovery
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The tendency of an extinguished conditioned response to return when revisiting the original conditioning environment is called_________?
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Renewal Effect
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Classical conditioning is an ________ reflex?
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Involuntary
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Conditioned taste aversion is an example of ______ conditioning?
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Aversive
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Pairing positive unconditioned stimulus' with product conditioned stimulus'?
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Advertising
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These are intense and irrational fears, such as heights, and spiders?
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Phobias
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_______ are sexual attractions to nonliving things?
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Fetishes
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A person who is hesitant to eating a piece of fudge that is shaped like dog feces is because of his or her_________?
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Disgust reaction
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This is learning that is reward based and is controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior?
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Operant conditioning
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Operant conditioning is_______?
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Voluntary
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This law states that behaviors that produce positive effects will be repeated and behaviors that produce negative effects will not be repeated?
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Thorndike's Law of Effect
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The presentation of stimulus that strengthens the probability of behavior, such as a treat for an animal, is called___________?
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Positive Reinforcement - Increasing behavior by giving something good
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What is the difference between a primary reinforcer and a secondary reinforcer?
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Primary is something that is naturally rewarding such as a prize or a treat.
Secondary is something that is paired with a primary, such as winning tickets to claim your PRIZE. |
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This is the removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of behavior, such as ending a child's timeout after they stop whining?
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Negative Reinforcement - increase behavior by removing something bad
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This is when a behavior is followed by the addition of an aversive stimulus, such as spanking a child?
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Positive Punishment - decrease behavior by giving something bad
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When a child is grounded, the parent is enforcing_______ by removing a reinforcing stimulus?
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Negative Punishment - Decrease behavior by removing something good
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Operant and Classical conditioning can work together as one and this is called________?
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Two-Process Theory
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When every response is reinforced this is called_______?
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Continuous Reinforcement
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When a response is only sometimes reinforced this is called________?
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Partial Reinforcement
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Is Partial or Continuous Reinforcement harder to extinguish?
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Partial because you only do it sometimes not every time.
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A______ ratio is reinforced after a specified # of responses?
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Fixed
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A______ ratio is reinforced after an unpredictable # of responses?
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Variable
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A______ interval is reinforced after a specific amount of time?
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Fixed
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A______ interval is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time?
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Variable
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When successive rewards guide an animal's natural behavior towards a desired behavior?
When these are linked together it is known as_____? |
Shaping
Chaining |
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Watson believed______ or that we can only study observable behaviors, not thinking and emotion?
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Methodological Behaviorist
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Skinner believed______ or that behavior, thinking, and emotions are all behaviors and governed by principles of OC and CC?
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Radical Behaviorist
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_____ learning is learning that isn't directly observable?
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Latent
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_____ learning is learning that is obtained by watching others such as teachers, parents, peer, and coaches?
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Observational
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The______ phenomenon is when you suddenly obtain an answer to a problem you didn't know before?
This is also known as______ learning? |
Aha
Insight |
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A______ is a cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action?
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Mirror Neurons
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Communication system combining symbols in rule based ways to create meaning is called ______?
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Language
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These are the basic sound components of a launguage?
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Phonemes
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These are the smallest units of speech that have meaning and they are created by stringing together phonemes?
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Morphemes
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The grammatical rules of language related to word ordering, such as the difference between how the English and Spanish languages order their words in sentences?
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Syntax
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Language variations used by groups of people who share geographic proximity of ethnic background, such as whether or not you call it pop, soda, or coke?
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Dialects
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These are things that go beyond the words and are things such as gestures, nonverbal cues, tone of voice, and posture?
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Extralinguistic Information - Helps us to make sense of implied understandings such as irony and sarcasm
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Is it easier to learn language as an adult or as a child?
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Child
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Babies begin speaking by what year?
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1st
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Babies have many miscues when trying to learn language and an example of this is when they shorten up words, such as spaghetti as sketty. This is an example of?
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Production constraints
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When one word take the place for more than one word, such as doggie being for all dogs?
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Holophrases
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Another way it is believed babies learn language is by hearing words spoken by adults. This is known as ________?
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Imitation Account
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States that babies are born knowing how language works?
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Nativist Account
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The study of _______ is the study of how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember.
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Cognitive Development
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The scientist Piaget stated that children are not miniature adults and that how they see things is different than how adults see it. Piaget was a _______?
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Stage Theorist
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Piaget stated that children try to match their understanding of the world with their observations of it which is known as _________?
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Equilibration
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When we absorb information we _______ and then we can no longer do that we ______ or alter our beliefs to make them more compatible?
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Assimilate and Accomodate
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The stage for babies between birth and 2 years is known as what? And what 2 things are focused on during these years?
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Sensorimotor and sensory and motor perceptions
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A combination of both ______ and ______ or nature and nurture determine a persons outcome. Not so much one or the other.
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Gene and Environment
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This is the development that takes place between years 2-7? Involves the development of using symbols and representing ideas.
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Preoperational
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The study of _______ is the study of how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember.
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Cognitive Development
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In the Preoperational stage children lack _______ or the ability to see things from another persons perspective.
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Egocentrism
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In the Preoperational stage children lack _______ or the ability to see things from another persons perspective.
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Egocentrism
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This is the development stage between years 7-11 and involves the development of organizational tasks and mental operations?
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Concrete Operational
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The scientist Piaget stated that children are not miniature adults and that how they see things is different than how adults see it. Piaget was a _______?
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Stage Theorist
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The scientist Piaget stated that children are not miniature adults and that how they see things is different than how adults see it. Piaget was a _______?
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Stage Theorist
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This is the development stage between years 7-11 and involves the development of organizational tasks and mental operations?
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Concrete Operational
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The final stage as stated by Piaget, involves being an adult and if-then and either-or thinking.
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Formal Operational
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The final stage as stated by Piaget, involves being an adult and if-then and either-or thinking.
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Formal Operational
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Piaget stated that children try to match their understanding of the world with their observations of it which is known as _________?
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Equilibration
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Piaget stated that children try to match their understanding of the world with their observations of it which is known as _________?
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Equilibration
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When we absorb information we _______ and then we can no longer do that we ______ or alter our beliefs to make them more compatible?
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Assimilate and Accomodate
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When we absorb information we _______ and then we can no longer do that we ______ or alter our beliefs to make them more compatible?
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Assimilate and Accomodate
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The stage for babies between birth and 2 years is known as what? And what 2 things are focused on during these years?
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Sensorimotor and sensory and motor perceptions
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The stage for babies between birth and 2 years is known as what? And what 2 things are focused on during these years?
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Sensorimotor and sensory and motor perceptions
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This is the development that takes place between years 2-7? Involves the development of using symbols and representing ideas.
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Preoperational
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This is the development that takes place between years 2-7? Involves the development of using symbols and representing ideas.
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Preoperational
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In the Preoperational stage children lack _______ or the ability to see things from another persons perspective.
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Egocentrism
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In the Preoperational stage children lack _______ or the ability to see things from another persons perspective.
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Egocentrism
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This is the development stage between years 7-11 and involves the development of organizational tasks and mental operations?
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Concrete Operational
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This is the development stage between years 7-11 and involves the development of organizational tasks and mental operations?
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Concrete Operational
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The final stage as stated by Piaget, involves being an adult and if-then and either-or thinking.
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Formal Operational
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The final stage as stated by Piaget, involves being an adult and if-then and either-or thinking.
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Formal Operational
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Vygotsky challenged Piagets Theory and stated that children are influenced by _______ and _______ factors.
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Social and Cultural
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Vygotsky also stated that caretakers shaped the learning environment in a process called _______?
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Scaffolding
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Vygotsky stated that children learn in a way called _______ or the mastering of tasks at different rates instead of at stages such as Piaget hinted.
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Domain Specific
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_________ is what helps people organize things in the world by basic and noticeable features.
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Categorization
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_________ is theorizing about whats going on in another persons mind.
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Theory of Mind
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This emotional style appears early in life and is a child's response to someone they are not around all the time like a stranger.
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Temperament - Comes in 3 different percentages.
(40%) is easy attachment (15%) is disturbed at first but gradually gets better (10%) is fussy and easily frustrated |
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Attachment to mother and fathers comes at a critical stage for a small amount of time known as the _______?
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Sensitive Period
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The four types of attachment styles are secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-anxious, and disorganized. What percentage of children fall into these 4 groups?
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Secure(60%)
Insecure Avoidant(15-20%) Insecure Anxious(15-20%) Disorganized(5-10%) |
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_________ or the mistake of relying on only one measure to draw conclusions?
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Mono-Operation Bias
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This parenting style involved high discipline and control and high affection?
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Authoritative
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This parenting style involves low discipline and control and high affection?
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Permissive- Very lenient, don't discipline often, show lots of affection
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This parenting style involves low discipline and control and low affection?
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Uninvolved- neglectful, pay little attention to anything, no discipline or affection
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This parenting style involves high discipline and control and low affection?
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Authoritation- Low affection, very strict, and punish when disobey.
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Are parents or peers more important in social development?
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Peers
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Do divorce and same sex marriages impact the development in positive, negative, or in no way? Explain each.
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Same sex- No difference
Divorce- Varies depending on the severity of the divorce and how the divorce was handled |
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_______ is the sense of being male or female.
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Gender Identity
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Behaviors that tend to be associated with being make or female, such as playing with certain toys, is called?
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Gender Role
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________ is a disorder in which you feel like you feel like you are the opposite sex trapped inside your biological body.
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Gender Identity Disorder
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This states that emotion can be shown through facial expressions and that there are 7 primary emotions and they combine together to make secondary emotions?
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Discrete Emotion Theory
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These are culture bound guidelines for what should be public and private?
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Display Rules
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This theory of emotion states that emotions are products of thinking not motor programs and that emotions are thoughts?
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Cognitive Theories
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This theory of emotion states that emotions are a result of interpretations. In other words, that two things occur at the same time?
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James Lange Theory
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This theory of emotion states that an event PROVOKES an emotion. They do not occur at the same time?
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Cannon Bard Theory
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This unconscious influence states that we become accustomed to or like something based solely on the fact of its commonality or by constant exposure?
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Mere Exposure
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This unconscious influence states that facial expressions influence our emotion?
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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This study suggests that humans can enhance positive emotions by staying happy and satisfied?
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Positive Psychology
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This is the strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally over preparing for negative outcomes?
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Defensive Pessimism
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This theory states that happiness predisposes us to think more openly?
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Broaden and Build Theory
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________ are the drives, wants and needs that propel us in certain directions.
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Motivation
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This theory states that drives are Aversive and that we must satisfy drives to maintain equilibrium and because they are pleasurable.
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Drive Reduction Theory
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These are incentive theories: One involves being driven by positive goals internally and the other involves being driven by positive goals externally?
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Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation |
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Hunger is not a product of the stomach, it comes from the?
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Brain
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Homosexuality is not a disorder but a difference in the?
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Brain
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______ tend to be more sexually driven?
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Men
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This theory states that people are either driven to eat more by external cues more than internal ones, such as smell and sights?
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Internal-External Theory
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This theory states that we are driven to eat when our glucose levels drop?
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Glucosatic Theory
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