Psych Test #2, Chapter #8

Front 1

What is factor analysis?

Back 1

A procedure that correlates many variables at one time.

A statistical technique in which intercorrelations among a large set of variables can be reduced to a smaller number of "factors" which Cattle equated with traits.

Front 2

What is the cornerstone of factor analysis?

Back 2

Correlation: When two variables vary together

Front 3

Cattell and Eyesnck equated factors with what?

Back 3

Term Trait

Front 4

What is Cattle's approach to research?

Back 4

Inductive reasoning:

1. Hypothesis

2. Collected a large amount of data

3. Generated future hypotheses from patterns that emerged from the data

Front 5

What are Cattell's 3 types of data? Examples?

Back 5

L-data: Rated themselves

Q-data: Measures attitude, opinions, interests

T-data: Inkblot test, word associate test

Front 6

Distinguish between surface traits and source traits?

Back 6

Surface: Groups of observations that are correlated

Source: The causes of behaviors

Front 7

Distinguish between constitutional and environmental-mold traits?

Back 7

Const: Traits that are genetically determined

Environmental: Traits developed from Experience

Front 8

What are ability traits?

Back 8

Source traits that determine how effectively someone will work toward a desired goal

Front 9

Two types of intelligence? How much does genetics influence?

Back 9

Fluid (65%): General intelligence which is largely innate and which adapts to all kinds of material

Crystallized (60%): Learned at school intelligence

Front 10

What are temperament traits?

Back 10

Genetically determined characteristics that determine a persons general "style and tempo"

Front 11

What are dynamic traits?

Back 11

Determines a person's style of behaving and determine how a person typically responds to situations

Front 12

Erg vs. Metaerg

Back 12

Erg: Similar to what others have called drives, needs or instincts. Provides the energy for all behavior

Metaerg: Similar to erg's but these are learned

Front 13

Sentiment vs. Attitude

Back 13

Sentiment: Major acquired dynamic trait structures which cause their possessors to pay attention to certain objects or classes of objects.

Attitude: A tendency to respond in a particular way in a particular situation to a particular object or event

Front 14

What is Eysenck's approach to research?

Back 14

Hypothetic-deductive reasoning

1. Experimental hypothesis

2. Deduces testable predictions from hypothesis

3. Gathers data to determine if accurate

Front 15

What does Eysenck's theory emphasize? What does it exclude?

Back 15

Temperament: Emotional, motivational, and non-ability-related cognitive aspects of behavior

it excluded intelligence, cognitive ability, or other so-called ability traits.

Front 16

What was included in Eysenck's analysis of traits?

Back 16

The concept of intelligence in general, informal discussion of personality

Front 17

Hippocrates humors & Galen's temperaments

Back 17

Sanguine (Blood): Warm, optimistic

Phlegmatic (Phlegm): Slow, lazy, & calm

Melancholic (Black bile): Depressed, anxious

Choleric (Yellow bile): Excitability & anger

Front 18

Jung- Explain his hypothesis?

Back 18

Introvert: Individual who is reflective basically withdrawn

Extrovert: Outgoing and oriented toward external events

Front 19

Dysthymic according to Eysenck?

Back 19

Severely disordered neurotic introvert

Front 20

Hysteric according to Eysenck?

Back 20

Disordered neurotic extovert

Front 21

What are Eysenck's super factors, and what are the biological bases for them?

Back 21

Psychotism: Sociable, lively, active, assertive, & sensationseeking

Extroversion: Anxious, depressed, tense, & low self-esteem

Neuroticism: Aggressive, impulsive, cold & egocentric

Front 22

What are the biological bases of personality?

Back 22

Arousal theory:

(Ascending Reticular Activating System)

The introverts brain is characterized by higher levels of neural activity in the ARAS.

Visceral brain (limbic system) regulates emotional expression and controls autonomic responses: Neuroticism is characterized by higher levels of autonomic activity.. Neurotics react more to threatening environments

Front 23

The Big 5: What are they?

Back 23

Openness to experience: Creative - uncreative

Conscientiousness: Lazy - hardworking

Extraversion: Reserved - affectionate

Agreeableness: Ruthless - soft hearted

Neuroticism: Calm-worrying

Front 24

Criticisms

Back 24

- Too subjective

- Behavior not as consistent as factor theories suggest

- Excessive emphasis on groups and averages

- Reification: Superfactors and source traits have little evidence of existence

Front 25

Contributions

Back 25

- Cattelle: Beyondism

- Eysenck: Farewell to mythical psychology

- Applied value