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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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consciousness
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-awareness of ourselves and our environment
-never attend to all sensory stimuli |
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change blindness
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not noticing large, visual changes
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"cocktail party effect"
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tendency to hear your own name across a noisy room.
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circadian rhythm
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"biological clock," is important for survival
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typical sleep cycle is ___ minutes
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90
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Stage 1 of Sleep
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-five minutes long
-slow breathing -irregular brain waves -may experience hypnagogic sensations |
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hypnogogic sensations
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-feel like you're falling and shoot awake
-not a dream |
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Stage 2 of Sleep
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-more asleep
-EEG shows sleep spindles -sleep talking occurs in this stage |
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Stage 3 of Sleep
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-deeper sleep
-EEG shows large delta waves |
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Stage 4 of Sleep
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-very deep, restful sleep
-50% delta waves -bed wetting and sleep talking can occur here |
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REM sleep
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-"paradoxical sleep"
-skelatal paralysis, increases body and genital arousal -rapid eye movement -REM periods get longer as the night goes on -irregular, rapid brain waves -dreams occur in this stage |
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Insomnia
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--trouble falling and staying asleep
-most common sleep disorder -problems achieving restorative sleep |
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Narcolepsy
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-"sleep attacks"
-random onset of sleeping during waking hours -involves hypothalamus |
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Cataplexy
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-sudden loss of muscle control
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Sleep Apnea
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-episodes of complete or partial obstruction of breathing
-leaves people groggy -can sleep with CPAP machine |
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Night Terrors
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-mostly occur in children
--typically begin with loud scream or cry -signs of extreme arousal [awake] -little or no recall |
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How often do people dream?
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Everyone dreams every single night.
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Freud on Dreams
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-dreams realize unconscious drives, wishes and fears
-manifest and latent content |
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Newer Dream Theories
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-memory consolidation
-stimulation of neural pathways -making sense of random brain activity |
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Need for REM sleep
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-we need it
-when it's interrupted, we experience REM rebound |
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What is Hypnosis?
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one person responds to suggestion by another
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Benefits of Hypnosis?
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-can cause pain relief
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Downfalls of Hypnosis?
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-cannot cause memory recall
-can contaminate past memories |
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Divided consciousness
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-causes a split between awareness and behavior
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Social Influence Theory
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subject is so caught up in the role that he or she ignores stimulus
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Behavior Geneticists
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-study the relative contributions of heredity and environments.
-control and vary heredity and environment |
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Twin Studies
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-reared together and apart
-confirms importance of genes -IQ, personality traits, abilities and interests |
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Criticisms of Twin Studies
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-coincidence
-reunions before research -twins are treated more similarly -same and different environments |
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Adoption Studies
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-non-bio related siblings in similar environments
-confirms importance of environment |
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Evolutionary Psychology
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-survival of the fittest
-ex: gender behavior and sexual behavior |
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Criticisms of Evolutionary Psychology
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-"after the fact" conclusions
-many exceptions -downplays cultural and generational influences |
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Need for Stimulation
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-sensory and neurological stimulation positively linked with dendrite formation
-understimulation leads to delayed brain development |
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Parents Affect:
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beliefs, attitudes, habits, values, education, discipline.
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Peers Affect:
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cooperation, social skills, language, interests.
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Developmental Patterns of Agression
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-more physical in younger years
-verbal agression increases with age -gender differences in physical and relational agression |
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Contributing Factors to Agression
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-biology
-environment: peers, family, observational learning -cognitive processes |
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Interventions to Bullying
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-learning new ways to respond
-raising self-esteem -having friends -school interventions |
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Culture
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shared behavior, attitudes, ideas, values, and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next.
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Norms
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A groups rules for accepted and expected behavior.
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Gender
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Your assumed characteristics based on being male or female.
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Social Learning Theory and Gender
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Gender roles are learned through imitation and consequences.
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Gender Schema Theory
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First learn cognitive concepts for gender, then match behavior to fit the schema.
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Developmental Psychology
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Study of developmental changes throughout the lifespan.
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Three Stages of Prenatal Development
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1. Zygote (conception-2 weeks)
2. Embryo (3-8 weeks) 3. Fetus (9 weeks to term) |
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Teratogens
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-harm prenatal development
-including diseases, drugs, alcohol, environmental hazards |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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-smaller body, risk of heart defects
-even moderate use and cause effects -timing is critical |
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Newborn Abilities
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-sensory discrimination
-reflexes (rooting, grasping, sucking) -preferences for social stimuli, like faces |
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Infantile Amnesia
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-lack of memory for early years of life
-earliest memory avg. age 3.5 -infants do learn and remember, just not able to communicate in typical ways |
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Shaken Baby Syndrome
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-form of child abuse
-mild to severe symptoms -can cause brain damage -preventable |
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Cognitive Development
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-Jean Piaget
-Schemas, assimilation, accommodation -stage theory |
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Piaget: Schema
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structure that organizes experiences
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Piaget: Assimilation
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incorporating new information with existing schemas
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Piaget: Accommodation
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changes schemas based on experiences
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Piaget's Four Stages Stages
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1. Sensorimotor stage
2. Preoperational stage 3. Concrete operations 4. Formal operations |
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Piaget's Sensorimotor stage
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-0 to 2 years
-learn object permanence |
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Piaget's Preoperational stage
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-2 to 7 years
-egocentric -cannot achieve conservation -learn Theory of Mind around age 4 |
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Piaget's Concrete operation
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-6/7 to 11 years
-mental operations -conservation |
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Piaget's Formal operations
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-12 years to adolescence
-abstract, hypothetical reasoning |
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Attachment
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-began with monkeys who chose cloth mother over wire with food
-Ainsworth's "strange situation" research |
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Temperament
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-nature and nurture
-genes likely to "win out" in times of stress |
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Four Dimensions of Parenting
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-Authoritative
-Authoritarian -Permissive -Indifferent |
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Authoritarian Parenting
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-high control, low involvement
-high expectations for obedience -low warmth |
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Authoritative Parenting
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-high control, high involvement
-warm and responsive -clear boundaries are set and enforced -explanations provided as appropriate |
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Permissive Parenting
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-responsive parent, usually submits to child's desires
-few rules, discipline is rare |
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Sensation
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-sensory reception and processing by the nervous system
-bottom-up processing |
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Bottom-Up Processing
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-starts with sensory receptors, then works upward into the brain's organizational system
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Perception
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organization and interpretation of sensory input
-giving something meaning -top-down processing |
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Top-Down Processing
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-constructing perceptions based on previous experience and expectations
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Psychophysicist
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Studies sensory and perceptual experiences.
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Absolute Threshold
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Minimum stimulation necessary to detect its presence at least half the time.
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Just Noticeable Difference
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Minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli at least half of the time.
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Subliminal Stimulation
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-occurs below the absolute threshold
-cannot persuade people to do things |
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Prosopagnosia
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Individuals who can't recognize faces.
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Perceptual Adaptation
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Our brains adapt to the distorted world.
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Perceptual Sets
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-mental predispositions influencing perception
-humans often perceive what they expect, hope or want |
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Extrasensory Perception
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-ESP
-no scientific proof whatsoever -Parapsychology |
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Human Factors in Psych
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-if it's designed well, humans should be able to use it easily
-applying psych to the design of technology, machines and environment |
