Sport Psych Test 2

Front 1

Goals whose objectives are based on winning, beating someone, etc. (the end results)

Back 1

Outcome goals

Front 2

Goals whose objectives are based on self-comparison (achieving a certain time, personal best, etc)

Back 2

Performance goals

Front 3

Study that described stress based on the principle of equilibrium in which self-regulation in of primary importance. When demand on you is greater than available resources, stress results

Back 3

Selye (1956)

Front 4

1. Environmental demand; 2. Individual's perception of the demand; 3. response (cognitive, behavioral, and physiological); 4. behavior

Back 4

Stress process

Front 5

A state of unorienteed activation that is learned through the socialization process and direct exposure to causitive situations

Back 5

Anxiety

Front 6

An acquired behavioral disposition independent of time that cuases a person to perceie a wide range of not very dangerous circumstances as threatening

Back 6

Trait anxiety

Front 7

Situation specific, subjective, consciously perceived feelings of inadequacy and tension that usually are accompanied by an increase in arousal in the autonomic nervous system

Back 7

State anxiety

Front 8

Theory that proposed that those with higher trait anxiety will have higher state anxiety as well

Back 8

Speilberger's Anxiety theory

Front 9

The degree to which one worries or has negative thoughts. Varies throughout the performance of something as subjective probability of success varies

Back 9

Cognitive anxiety

Front 10

The moment-to-moment changes in the perception of physiological arousal. Grows as event nears but dissipates as performance begins. It is high in athletes who are too amped up at the beginning of games and make mistakes

Back 10

Somatic anxiety

Front 11

Measures of stress response such as HR, respiratory rate, EMG, EEG, pupil dilation

Back 11

Physiological measures

Front 12

Self report measures that assess stress levels. They are subject to biases. Ex: SCAT, CSAI-2, STAI, etc.

Back 12

Cognitive measures

Front 13

Theory that suggests that if someone is well prepared, they will perform even better in front of a passive audience, but if they are ill prepared, they will perform even worse in front of a passive audience

Back 13

Drive theory

Front 14

Theory that looks at the relationship between pressure (stress) and performance, hypothesizing that with low stress performance will be low (due to boredom) and that with too much stress performance will also suffer. Performance will be the best when stress is at a happy medium

Back 14

Inverted-U hypothesis

Front 15

Theory with the idea that each athlete will perform at their best if their level of arousal or competitive anxiety falls within their optimum functioning zone

Back 15

Optimal Zone Theory

Front 16

Model of response to stress that analyzes both the psychological and physiological responses to anxiety, and how each interact with one another. Specifically it looks at the interaction of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal.

Back 16

Cusp Catastrophe model

Front 17

the theory is based on the assumption that competitive anxiety is comprised of two distinct parts; a cognitive component (how worried one is), and a somatic component (physiological response to stress such as clammy hands, shortness of breath), both having dissimilar effects on performance.

Back 17

Multidimensional anxiety theory

Front 18

Theory that proposes that how arousal affects performance depends on an individual's interpretation of his or her arousal level. Arousal can be interpreted as pleasant, which fascilitates performance, or unpleasant (anxiety) which hurts performance

Back 18

Reversal theory

Front 19

Theory that proposes that thinking too much about what you're doing (using developed explicit rules) lowers performance when compared to someone who has learned something implicitly

Back 19

Reinvestment in controlled processing

Front 20

Theory that proposes that performing under stress may not change performance. Rather, what does change is the efficiency by which people perform. Performance problems may be due to people running out of tools to help them perform.

Back 20

Processing efficiency theory

Front 21

Narrowing of the visual field in response to the stress of a situation. Being in the zone can give you narrow "tunnel" vision

Back 21

Attentional narrowing

Front 22

The affect of arousal is going to depend primarily on ________ and _______

Back 22

Perception of the arousal; ability to deal effectively with it

Front 23

Method of decreasing arousal levels that induces relaxation, reduces respiratory rate, has a centering effect

Back 23

Controlled breathing

Front 24

Relaxation method where one sits comfortably with their eyes closed and mentally repeats a mantra

Back 24

Transcendental meditation

Front 25

A "thought-sound" that has no inherent meaning but has a vibratory effect within the mind. Used in meditation

Back 25

Mantra

Front 26

A form of relaxation that focuses on control of posture, breathing, and the mind

Back 26

Zen meditation

Front 27

A method of relaxation that is a self-hypnosis. It induces feelings of warmth and heaviness through mental visualizations, and is combined with deep breathing.

Back 27

Autogenic training

Front 28

Method of decreasing arousal by consistently monitoring biological responses and learning how to alter them

Back 28

Biofeedback

Front 29

Method of decreasing arousal by gradual counterconditioning using relaxation as the incompatible response, by creating an anxiety hierarchy, using imagery, and pairing relaxation with anxiety

Back 29

Systematic desensitization

Front 30

A method of progressing through the body and relaxing each part. You begin by tensing a muscle group, holding it, then releasing. It increases the awareness of contrast between tension and relaxation. You use a body scan to move towards passive relaxation

Back 30

Progressive relaxation

Front 31

Technique for increasing arousal by increasing breathing rate and making breathing more shallow

Back 31

Breathing Again

Front 32

Technique for increasing arousal that warms up the muscles and increases circulation

Back 32

Stretching and warming up

Front 33

Method of increasing arousal in which 4-10 hours before competition you preview things to come. Ex: hoops shootaround

Back 33

Precompetitive workout

Front 34

Technique of increasing arousal in which high energy music/video is used to stimulate images of power, victory, etc.

Back 34

Music and video

Front 35

Method of increasing arousal in which things such as crowd noise, opponents, teammates, etc. are used

Back 35

Drawing energy from environment

Front 36

A model of anxiety and performance that looks at how cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal play a role in performance. It is based off a mathematical model

Back 36

catastrophe model

Front 37

A method of increasing arousal that should be used when hypoarousal is caused by fatigue. You find anything to distract you from thinking about the event.

Back 37

Distraction

Front 38

A method of increasing arousal that is good to use when hypoarousal is caused by being either under or overmatched. You should set realistic and challenging performance goals.

Back 38

Goal setting

Front 39

A method of increasing arousal in which powerful images (either sport specific or unrelated)are used

Back 39

energizing imagery

Front 40

Using senses to create or recreate experiences in the mind. It is also called visualization, mental rehearsal, and mental practice.

Back 40

Imagery

Front 41

The effectiveness of imagery depends on three things: ? and ? and ?

Back 41

Imagery skill level; nature of the task (more effective if cognitive aspect to task); skill level of performer

Front 42

Imagery theory which advocates that imagery rehearsal actually duplicates the motor pattern being rehearsed. There is EMG evidence to support this theory.

Back 42

Psychoneuromuscular theory (Jacobson, 1932)

Front 43

Imagery theory that advocates that imagery rehearsal leads to performance gains due to the opportunity to practice the symbolic aspects of the task

Back 43

Symbolic learning theory (Bandura, 1969)

Front 44

Imagery theory that advocates that imagery establishes a level of arousal or physiological activation level that is optimal for the performance

Back 44

Arousal/Activation Theory (Schmidt 1982)

Front 45

Imagery theory that advocates that imagery works because it improves concentration, reduces anxiety, and enhances confidence

Back 45

Psychological skills hypothesis

Front 46

Type of imagery in which you imagine performing the skill as if viewing the performance through your own eyes and see what is normally seen when performing

Back 46

Internal imagery

Front 47

Imagery type in which you imagine seeing performance of the skill from an outside point of view. You watch yourself or someone else doing it.

Back 47

External imagery

Front 48

A thought process such as "I do not need to be angry at this person as they are doing the best they can with the resources available" to eliminate incorrect or faulty responses to something

Back 48

Coping script

Front 49

A way of thinking that will strengthen correct responses to something

Back 49

Mastery script

Front 50

Using imagery helps with _______ by increasing the speed of which it happens, decreasing overtraining, doing it while injured and in new environments

Back 50

Skill acquisition

Front 51

A feeling, a belief, or a knowing that the task at hand can be successfully performed. It is arguably the most important single factor that will determine performance.

Back 51

Self-confidence

Front 52

Study that investigated the relationship between expectations and
competitive performance in an arm wrestling task. Subjects were each paired with
someone they thought clearly stronger in arm strength and then instructed to arm
wrestle. Ten out of twelve contests, the objectively weaker subject, whom both
subjects believed was stronger, won the competition. It is evident that the most important factor was competitors who
expected to win rather than the actual physical strength.

Back 52

Nelson & Furst 1972

Front 53

Study that examined the effects of beliefs on performance of bench pressing. They found that those who were told they were lifting less than they really were did the best.

Back 53

Ness & Patton (1979)

Front 54

Study in which 13 gymnasts involved in the final trial for the 1976 United States Olympic team were questioned and administered for 48 hours before the trial competition. In comparing the data of those who qualified with those who did not qualify for the team, the questionnaire data showed that the qualifiers tended to be more self-confident.

Back 54

Mahoney & Avener (1977)

Front 55

Study that found that coaches form expectations and these expectations influence their behavior as well as athlete's performances, which in turn confirm the coach's expectations. Study was originally done with students and teachers. Found expectations can become a self fulfilling prophecy.

Back 55

Horn 1986

Front 56

The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully. It is a situation-specific form of self-confidence

Back 56

Self-efficacy

Front 57

Theory by Bandura that suggests the perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully shapes the extent to which and how well people perform. Requisite skills are important.

Back 57

Self-efficacy theory

Front 58

Source of efficacy that is the most dependable source of someone's future success

Back 58

Performance accomplishments

Front 59

Source of efficacy that involves vicarious experiences and seeing others being successful and knowing you can do what they do/ have done

Back 59

Modeling

Front 60

The state anxiety level that best suits someone to perform well. Someone who needs to be very aroused to perform well will have a high ___ whereas someone who does not need to be aroused much to perform well will have a low this.

Back 60

Zone of Optimal Functioning