Psych Final

Front 1

Thomas Szasz's Myth

Back 1

Myth of mental illness, there is no such thing as mental illness, rather society creates them when people challenge the status quo

Front 2

Rosenhan's experiment

Back 2

12 people with no psychological disorders went to different psychs and told them they heard voices, they were all diagnosed schizos

Front 3

Abnormalities- Statistical

Back 3

1-2 standard deviations away from normal is abnormal, problem is we dont want to eliminate someone just because there not typical- genius example

Front 4

abnormalities-psychosocial

Back 4

what are the widely held social expectations? if deviate from these, your abnormal. problem is norms change over time

Front 5

abnormaltities-harm

Back 5

behavior that harms individual or others are abnormal. problem is not all harmful behaviors are psycho disorders and lots of psych problems dont result in harm. how much harm must be done if this is the standard?

Front 6

abnormalities-absolute

Back 6

have to meet specific standard

Front 7

abnormalities-practical

Back 7

1. content of behavior
2. context of behavior
3. subjective consequences
4. diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Front 8

anxiety disorders

Back 8

uncomfortable levels of nervousness, tension, and worry

Front 9

percentage of americans with anxiety disorders?

Back 9

18% chance, more women than men

Front 10

focused aniexty

Back 10

irrational fear of something, intensity high and people know intensity is high

Front 11

simple phobia

Back 11

fear of specific object or situation

Front 12

preparedness

Back 12

biologically prepared to aquire some phobias easier than others, most likely to be snakes, spiders and other "ancient threats"

Front 13

etiology-maintained operant

Back 13

aboid things that make us uncomfortable, never proved to self that something is okay

Front 14

etiology- observational learning

Back 14

see others have fear of something so you develop same fear, parents afraid of heights, you could develop that by watching them and their fear

Front 15

agoraphobia

Back 15

fear of open and public places, need control over the setting and also afraid of having a panic attack in public

Front 16

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 16

long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on anything specific, jittery, cant concentrate, self-concious

Front 17

panic disorder

Back 17

person will go long time without an attack and then suffers brief attacks of terror, high heart rate and respiration

Front 18

OCD

Back 18

involves obsessions and compulsions, can be separate, dont have to logically relate

Front 19

etiology- diathesis-stress

Back 19

much more likely to develop if family member has it

Front 20

etiology- neurotransmitters

Back 20

serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

Front 21

schizophrenia-cognitive disorders

Back 21

central feature in schizo, these render the person out of reality, attention problems, dellusions, hallucinations

Front 22

schizo-attention problems

Back 22

bombarded by sounds and images, cant filter the incoming perceptions

Front 23

schizo-hallucinations

Back 23

most frequently these are auditory with the person hearing voices but could also deal with taste

Front 24

delusion of granduer

Back 24

belief you are great in some way, you can do things others cant, or you think you are God

Front 25

delusion of persecution

Back 25

belief you are being plotted against or hunted

Front 26

delusion of control-thought blocking

Back 26

someone is preventing or stealing your thoughts

Front 27

delusion of control- thought insertion

Back 27

belief that your thoughts are determined and inserted by others

Front 28

delusion of exposure

Back 28

thought broadcasting- everyone hears your thoughts

Front 29

echolalia

Back 29

repeating something

Front 30

verbigeration

Back 30

repeating words generated on your own

Front 31

verbal exhibitonism

Back 31

speaking in grandiose language

Front 32

neologisms

Back 32

making up words only familiar to you

Front 33

loose associations

Back 33

illogically connecting thoughts together

Front 34

word salad

Back 34

speaking makes no sense at all

Front 35

Disorganized schizo

Back 35

most severe and rare form, 5% of schizo is disorganized, constantly incoherent, hallucinations very jumbled, disorganized delusions

Front 36

catatonic schizo

Back 36

disorder of movement, excessive random motor activity, mute unmoving state, ridgid stance for long time

Front 37

paranoid schizo

Back 37

delusion of persecution or grandeur, anxious and angry, may try to retaliate against prosecutors, emerges b/w 25 and 30 years old

Front 38

undifferentiated schizo

Back 38

doesnt fit a category, or fits in multiple ones

Front 39

etiology of schizo-dopamine

Back 39

drugs that reduce dopamine seem to help

Front 40

etiology of schizo- subcortical/prefontal

Back 40

high/low activity

Front 41

structural abnormalities of schizo

Back 41

enlarged ventricals (cause or effect), hippocampus has disorganized cells, decrease blood flow to frontal lobes

Front 42

general pop of chance of schizo?

Back 42

1%

Front 43

diathesis stress schizo

Back 43

inherit vulnerablility to disorder, not the disorder itself, still take a lot of stress to make it happen

Front 44

systems approach family

Back 44

high in expressed emotion, double-bind communications, vague and confusing as a family system

Front 45

Phenothiazines

Back 45

anti-psychotic drugs- decrease responsivness of autonomic neverous system and decrease in dopamine level, trade names: thorazine, mellaril, haldon. side effects and tardive dyskinesia

Front 46

clozapine

Back 46

works well w/ people who dont respond to antipsychotics, could kill white blood cells

Front 47

problem with antipsychotic drugs

Back 47

once patient leaves hospital, usually stops taking medicine bc of unpleasant side-effects

Front 48

tricyclics

Back 48

antidespressant- "Elavil"- monitors serotonin and norepinephrine

Front 49

MAO's

Back 49

first tried on TB patients, found to cause hypertension, liver damage, cerebral hemorrhage, trycyclics preferred bc of drawbacks

Front 50

SSRI's

Back 50

prozac, paxil, target serotonin and slow down reuptake and allows synapses to rebind, decrease sex drive

Front 51

SNRI's

Back 51

treat depression and other anxiety disorders

Front 52

Increased risk of suicide?

Back 52

pills dont make suicidal, patients are sucidal beforehand, the pills give you more energy before they change your mood so you now have the energy to take action if desired

Front 53

Lithium

Back 53

natural salt, first found in soda, used to treat bipolar disorder, very important to get pefect dosage bc could be toxic

Front 54

Valproic acid

Back 54

new alternative to lithium, works as well with fewer side-effects

Front 55

Benzodiazipines

Back 55

anti-anxiety drugs, Valium, librium, miltown, tranquilizers that are fast-acting and short-lived, could become addictive especially when used with alcohol

Front 56

buspar

Back 56

anti-anxiety- slow-acting, not for panic attacks, but used to help prevent future ones

Front 57

behavioral therapy overview

Back 57

all behavior is learned and bad behavior is learned and can be unlearned as well

Front 58

job of therapist in behavioral therapy

Back 58

ID problem behaviors, refer to patient as client instead to promote larger role in recovery

Front 59

positive reinforcement

Back 59

behavioral therapy- often used with children, reward postive behavior while ignoring negative behavior, token economies in instiutions do this as well

Front 60

modeling and role-playing

Back 60

behavioral therapy, acting out situation in safe setting before doing so in reality, can learn behavior by watching others and doing same thing

Front 61

ignore undesired behavior

Back 61

behavior therapy- removes reinforcement

Front 62

punishment for undesired behavior

Back 62

tries to reduce chance of behavior occuring again, could backfire bc it gives attention to behavior and could be reinforcing

Front 63

flooding

Back 63

behavior therapy- often used with phobias, need consent of client, client exposed to high levels of undesired stimulus until they can take it

Front 64

systematic desensitization

Back 64

treat disorders in steps

Front 65

progressive relaxation and anxiety hierarchy

Back 65

learn how to relax muscles of the body, rank set of stimuli as most frightening to least. relax yourself, then go thru ranks until you have to stop, then relax again and repeat

Front 66

cognitive behavior overview

Back 66

problems b/c of maladapted ways of thinking

Front 67

automatic negative thoughts

Back 67

make self aware of negative thoughts, snapping the rubber band

Front 68

reality test

Back 68

after snap the band, see if thought has any basis in reality

Front 69

belief systems

Back 69

therapist investigates history to determine cause

Front 70

rationale-emotive therapy

Back 70

born w/ potential for rational thought, in childhood uncritical acceptance of irrational beliefs

Front 71

ABC Model

Back 71

A=activating event, B=belief system, C=consequence of event

Front 72

humanistic therapy overview

Back 72

reacting to freud and behaviorists, instead focus of free will and change

Front 73

humanistic job of therapist

Back 73

create atmosphere where client can expore feelings or desires w/o dear of negative reaction

Front 74

humanistic reflection by therapist

Back 74

restate emotions of the client so they can hear them

Front 75

client-therapist relationship

Back 75

acceptance (unconditional), empathetic understanding, congruence (subjective view=reality), need genuine relationship w/o made up feelings

Front 76

psychodynamic therapy overview

Back 76

memories and anxiety pushed into sub-conscious

Front 77

job of therapist psychodynamic

Back 77

create relaxed conditions (laying down, sit behind patient's head), interpreation of symbols

Front 78

free association-psychodynamic

Back 78

encouraged by therapist to talk in loose indirect ways about whatever comes to mind, helps to see link between ideas

Front 79

manifest content

Back 79

people, actions, events of dreams

Front 80

latent content

Back 80

meaning of symbols in dream

Front 81

interpretation of resistance

Back 81

patient could miss session or think they arent successful

Front 82

transference

Back 82

patient could fall in love with therapist, transfers thoughts and emotions from previous failed relationship to therapist

Front 83

freudian slips

Back 83

slips of the tongue reveal subconscious thoughts

Front 84

catharsis

Back 84

talking about events in past to free yourself and purge yourself from them, provides temp. relief

Front 85

Stress

Back 85

psychological and psysiological reactio to some event or circumstance that threatens well-being

Front 86

sources of stress

Back 86

pressure, frustration, life changes, minor annoyances, intrapsychic conflict

Front 87

appraisal of stress

Back 87

how people think about the situation

Front 88

primary appraisal

Back 88

initial evaluation of nature of event

Front 89

secondary appraisal

Back 89

evaluating coping resouces for stress

Front 90

factors influencing appriasal

Back 90

familiarity, controlability, predicatability

Front 91

general adaptation syndrome

Back 91

everyone is going to have some stress

Front 92

alarm stage

Back 92

immediate reaction to stress

Front 93

resistance stage

Back 93

adopts to stressors, make changes to reduce effect of stressor

Front 94

exhaustion stage

Back 94

resistance reduced or eliminated

Front 95

approach vs. avoidance

Back 95

face stress vs. not think about it or deal with it so ignoring it

Front 96

hypothalmus

Back 96

controls regulation of eating and initiates stress response

Front 97

optimal level of emotional arousal

Back 97

varies, as task more complex, optimal level of arousal decreases

Front 98

type A personality

Back 98

self-imposed stress and intense reactions to stress; competitive, impatient, angry-leads to cornonary disease

Front 99

five axis of diagnosis manual

Back 99

clinical, personality/retardation, general med condition, psychosocial and environmental, global assessment of functioning scale

Front 100

somatization

Back 100

physical complaints appear to be psychological with no physical cause

Front 101

conversion disorder

Back 101

loss of function of something specific, not cause physically

Front 102

dissociate amnesia

Back 102

sudden loss of personal info too extensive to be normal

Front 103

fugue

Back 103

forget your identity and is permanent

Front 104

newly schizo etiology

Back 104

disruptions to normal maturation process before and at birth

Front 105

antisocial personality

Back 105

impullsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, ireesistable behavior that reflects future to accept social norms

Front 106

general adaptation syndrome

Back 106

alarm, resistance, exhaustion