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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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Pattern of behavior/thinking that is relatively stable across time and situations-> differentiates one person from another
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First theory of personality
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Galen, Hippocrates- personality types
-Four humours- blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile |
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Trait View
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We think and behave consistently across situations
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Situationist View
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Our thoughts and behaviors change with the situation
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Interactionist View
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Both traits and situations affect our thoughts and behaviors
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Eysenck's Big 3
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Extraversion: Withdrawn vs. Outgoing
Neuroticism: Anxious vs. Emotional Stability Psychoticism: Antisocial vs. Self-control -Most traits are the result of two dimensions |
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The Big Five
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Superfactors of personality
Extraversion: Withdrawn vs. outgoing Neuroticism: Unstable vs. Stable Agreeableness: Low vs. High Conscientousness: Undependable vs. dependable Openness to experience: Closed vs. open |
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Assumptions of the trait approach
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Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time
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Consistency of traits
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Traits are stable over time and predict behavior but ARE NOT stable across situations
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Heritability of Personality
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MZ twins raised together were no more alike in personality than MZ twins raised apart- environment makes little difference!
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Gray's Reinforcement sensitivity theory
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Two hypothesizied systems in the brain
- Behavioral activation system (BAS) -Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) |
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Zuckerman- Sensitivity to reward and punishment
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-Extraverts are very sensitive to reward systems- nucleus accumbens
-Neurotics are sensitive to punishment system -Psychotics are not sensitive to punishment and seek high levels of arousal |
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Psychodynamic Theory
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Freud:
Concious mind- normal awareness Preconcious mind- Easily brought to consciousness Unconscious mind- hidden thoughts and desires Influenced by the work of Charcot and Anna O. |
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The Id
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-Present at birth
-Home to sexual and aggressive drive -Governed by the pleasure principle -Completely in unconscious level |
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The superego
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-Develops in childhood
-Home to morality and conscience -Governed by the ego ideal- perfection -Lies in both pre-conscious and unconscious levels |
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The Ego
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-Develops in childhood- before superego
-Acts as a referee between id and super-ego -Governed by the reality principle -Lies in conscious, preconscious, and unconcious levels |
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Freud: Personality Development
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We must pass through pyschosexual stages successfully- each stage focuses on how we receive pleasure
-Failure to pass through a stage leads to fixation- in times of stress we regress to that stage |
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Freud: Stages
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Oral Stage( birth to 1 1/2 years)- Breast feeding
Anal Stage (1 1/2-3 years)- Potty training Phallic Stage (3-6 years) - interest in genitalia -Oedipas Complex- At some point we become attracted to opposite sex parent and aggressive towards same sex parent Latency Period (6 to puberty) Genital stage (Puberty onward) |
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Freud: Defense Mechanism
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Unconcious attempts to silence the id
-Denial -Projection- blame someone else -Rationalization- Come up w/ excuse -Reaction Formation -Repression- remove from mind Sublimation- Expression of desires- drives artists -Conversion- Psycological impulse expressed through the body- i.e Anna O. |
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Milgirm Obediance Studies
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Shock tests- studied how much people are willing to obey and authority- even if it means injuring- 65% went to the end
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Dispositional Attributions
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Behavior attributed to an internal disposition or inclination
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Situational Attributions
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Behavior attributed to circumstances or situation
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Correspondent Inference Theory
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-Choice- tend to attribute to dispositional characteristics
-Non-common effects- low frequency behavior or events that stand out -undesirability-attribute to dispositional characteristics *People make judgements based on above conditons* |
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Casual Attribution Theory
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-Consensus
-Consistency -Distinctiveness |
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Attribution to Internal Causes- To a person
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Low Consensus
High Consistency Low Distinctiveness |
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Attribution to External Causes- To a situation
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High consensus
Low Consistency High Distinctiveness |
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Convictions likely... (Causal Attribution Theory)
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-Low Consensus
-High Consistency -Low Distinctiveness |
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Convictions likely... (Correspondent Inference Theory)
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-Military Personnel had choices
-If their behavior was non-common-> distinctive -If there behavior was undesirable |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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-Overestimate significance of dispositional factors, underestimate significance of situational factors
-Applicable when explaining the behavior of others- quiz game |
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Actor-Observer Bias
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While other's behavior is attributed to dispositional factors (fund. attrib. error) our own behavior is attributed to external factors
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Self-Serving Bias
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When it comes to attributions of the self
-successful outcomes of one's own behavior attributed to internal causes -Unsuccessful outcomes of one's own behavior to external causes |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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When we experience a discrepency between an attitude and a behavior , between behavior and our self image, or between two attitudes, an aversive state of tension results
Can solve problem by: -Reducing the importance of one of the elements -Add an element that makes both possible -Change one element |
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Stress
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A physiological, behavioral, and cognitive response to stimuli (real or imagined) that are perceived as threatening
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Eustress
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Pleasant, desirable stress as in the stress associated with exercise
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Distress
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Unpleasant stress as in illness
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Stressors
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Are stimuli that cause stress
-stressors can be major (loss of a parent) or minor (finding a parking spot) |
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Hassles
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Are small problems that accumulate to induce major stress
-time pressures to get things done -financial concerns -problems with family and coworkers |
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Frustration
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Negative emotional state associated with a blocked goal
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Conflicts
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Arise when choosing between two incompatible alternatives
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Body's Reaction to Stress
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The sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system is activated during stess
-increased heart rate and blood pressure -these physiological changes use up energy and can be sustained for only a period of time -prolonged stressor exposure leads to exhaustion and death |
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The Physiology of Stress
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3 phases in responding to stressors:
-alarm -resistence -exhaustion -goal is to minimize wear and tear on the system |
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Challenge vs. Stressor
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2 step process:
Step 1: We assess the seriousness of the perceived threat Step 2: We asses whether we have the resources to cope with the threat |
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Locus of Control
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A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus)
-Feelings of control can reduce or even eliminate the relationship between stressors and health |
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Primary Control
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An effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events; a "fighting back" philosophy
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Secondary Control
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An effort to accept reality by changing your own attitudes, goals, or emotions: a "learn to live with it" philosophy
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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The study of the relationships among psychology, the neurons and endocrine systems and the immune system
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Stress and the Brain
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Sapolsky- long-term exposure to stress is associated w/ decrease in hippocampal volume, a structure associated with spatial abilities and memory
-Long-term exposure to stress is associated with increased release of cortisol-(chronic release damages hippocampus) |
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Emotional Inhibition
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A Personality trait involving a tendency to deny feelings of anger, anxiety, or fear; in stressful situations, physiological responses such as heart rate and blood pressure rise sharply
-people who display this trait are at greater risk of becoming ill than people who can acknowledge feelings. |
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Type A Personality
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Competitive, high achievers, tendencies toward hostility, angry and irritable, always in time-pressure situations, goal-oriented
-Behavior modification if used to encourage type A persons to slow down, follow a diet, exercise, and avoid cynical hostility |
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Type C
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Cancer-prone, coopertive, unassertive, patient, comply w/, suppression of negative emotion, withholding
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Type B
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Hardiness- personality type resistant to stress
-commitment to personal goals -personal view of being in control -viewing change as a welcome challenge |
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What constitutes a psychological disorder?
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A psychological problem- difficulties in cognitions, emotions, or behavior
-distress-> upsetting to them OR impairment- difficulty in occupation, social life -Not culturally consistent -The problem occurs often enough or last long enough to be problematic |
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Who defines Abnormality?
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Psychiatrist- Med school
Clinical Psychologist Counseling Psychologist Psychiatric Social Worker Psychiatric Nurse Pastroral Counselor |
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The Multi Axial System
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Axis I: Primary clinical problem
Axis II: Personality disorders Axis III: General medical conditions Axis IV: Social and environmental stressors Axis V: Global assessment of overall functioning |
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Bipolar Disorder
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A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria occur)
-Rapid mood swings -wild changes are shown in brain activity Manifested in delusional thoughts, excessive and risky activity, and pressured speech- i.e. gambling, speeding |
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Schizophrenia
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Hallmark systems:
Delusions- false beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia ad other psychotic disorders Hallucinations- sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation |
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Positive Symptoms
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cognitive, emotional, or behavioral excesses
i.e. hallucinations, bizarre delusions, incoherant speech, inappropriate/ disorganized behavior |
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Negative Symptoms
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Cognitive, emotional and behavioral deficits
i.e. loss of motivation, emotional flatness, social withdrawl, slowed speech or no speech |
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Genetic Vulnerability to Schizophrenia
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The risk of developing schizophrenia in one's lifetime increase as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases
-environmental factors (stressors) important too |
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Structural Brain Abnormalities
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Several abnormalities exisit, especially when schizophrenia is characterized by primarily negative symptoms
-Decreased brain weight -Decreased volume in temporal lobes or hippocampus -Enlargement of ventricles |
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Neurotransmitter Abnormalities
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Include serotonin, glutamate, dopamine (most common)
-Many schizophrenics have high levels of brain activity in brain areas served by dopamine as well as greater #s of particular dopamine receptors -dopamine hypothesis states that there is too much dopamine in the limbic system (causing positive symptoms) and too little in the frontal lobes (causing negative symptoms) |
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Prenatal Problems or Birth Complications
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Damage to the fetal brain increases chances of schizophrenia and other mental disorders
-may occur as a function of maternal malnutrition, maternal illness -may also occur if brain injury or oxygen deprivation occurs at birth -viral exposure |
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Adolescent Abnormalities in Brain Development
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Normal pruning of excessive synapses in the brain occurs during adolescence
- In schizophrenics, a greater # of synapes are pruned away - Many explain why 1st episode occurs in adolescene or early adulthood |
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Psychoanalysis: "The talking cure"
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Stream of consciousness- first thing that comes to mind
Dream analysis Analysis of freudian slips Analysis of transference- transfer their feelings |
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Types of Treatment: Humanisitc Models
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Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
-Everyone has the capacity to be fully functioning -Self-actualizing personalities- Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs are free to pursue an interest in higher ideals, such as truth, justice, and beauty |
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Carl Roger's Fully Functioning Person
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Full-functioning person- term for self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent w/ reality
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Behavioral Treatments
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Learning and Unlearning adapative and maladaptive behaviors
-spider phobic -ADHD |
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Cognitive Therapists
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Learning to think differently about situations
Depression- internal,global, and stable |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
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PTSD
-use both strategies |
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Consciousness
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Ability to observe and comment on one's own thoughts and behaviors
States: Waking- altered states: hallucinations, drugs, hypnosis Sleep- dreaming and non dreaming |
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The Easy Problem
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What are some of the elements of conciousness that we can observe and measure
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The Hard Problem
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Understanding the first person experience- What is it like to be a toad?
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Mysterion perspective on consciousness
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Consciousness is something we will never know because we have neither the capacity or tools to understand it in full
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Dualist perspective on consciousness
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Consciousnness is a sum greater than the parts and thus is separate from the brain
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Materialist perspective on consciousness
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Consciousness is a direct result of operations from the brain and is therefore ultimatley discernable
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The Power of Hypnosis
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Blocks pain, cures, illnesses, stops habits
-not a good aid in memory Hypnosis as a social agreement: Consciousness is split- there is a social agreement to share control |
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Hedonic Treadmill
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Raising one's level of happiness- rapidly adapting to positive materialistic changes
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Flow
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Experiences which are completely and utterly committed and lost in the moment are the moments that bring meaning to your life
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The autotelic experience
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A self contained activity not done for future benefit but b/c it itself is the reward
-Transformation of time |
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Fear
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An innate alarm response to a dangerous or life-threatening situation
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Anxiety
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A state in which an individual is inordinately, tense, and uneasy about the prospect of something terrible happening
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Anxiety Disorder
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People incapacitated with chronic and intense feelings of anxiety
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Phobia
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An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object
Most common specific phobias include: -bridges, heights -animals -claustrophobia -angoraphobia: fear of open spaces |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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A continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry, dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension
-often as worried about the future as they are the present -these individuals worry about EVERYTHING to the point that is is debilitating -individuals with GAD even worry about worrying: a phenomenon known as meta-worry |
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Panic Disorder
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An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences: recurring panic attacks, periods of intense fear and feelings of impending doom or death
-Accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid heart rate and dizziness |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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- an anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as nightmares, memories, and flashbacks
-often are avoidant and overaroused -traumas may be as wide ranging as child abuse and combat exposure to rape and natural disasters -may immediately follow or occur later |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety
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Major Depression
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A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one's usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite_
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Gender, Age, and Depression
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Women are about twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression
-true around the world -After age 65, rates of depression drop sharply in both sexes |
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Theories of Depression
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Biological explanations emphasize genetics and brain chemistry
-social explanations emphasize the stressful circumstances of people's lives -attachment explanations emphasize problems with close relationships -cognitive explanations emphasized particular habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events -"vulnerability-stress" explanations draw on all four explanations described above |
