Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Exocrine system
|
EXTERNAL between organisms ( sweat, urine, vaginal, & specialized ducts)
Pheromones |
|
|
Endocrine System
|
INTERNAL with SINGLE organism
ductless glands via Bloodstream horomones |
|
|
Pheromones in NON human Organism ( exocrine)
|
Ants- different casts & each one does a different thing
Foragers: find food & tell others Leave trail w/ pheromones & others follows |
|
|
Pheromones in HUMANS (exocrine)
|
Men can detect- cologne, pheromone ( mall- pig sweat)
|
|
|
Martha McClintock ( 1971)
What did she do / come up with |
Synchronous menstruation in cohabitating women
Took sweat & wiped under noses, they liked it and it started men. Cycle |
|
|
Do Vaginal Pheromones Enhance female attractiveness to males? (exocrine)
|
Had women take their tampons and place them in buckets- Menstrual, Ovulate, Premenstrual, water (control)
Men had to sniff the buckets & rate photos with how attractive the women were (visual stimuli) also they were asked to donate saliva while sniffing for testosterone levels Testosterone- no changes with h20 ovulate- increase ** when smell pheromone the UN-attractive pics became MORE attractive |
|
|
Individual Recognition : ADULTS (exocrine system)
|
Detection of immune system compatibility; ability to smell genes—like immune systems that were different than theres
* Donors: T-shirts *Reasults: Own, Sex |
|
|
Individual Recognition : MOTHER identifying INFANTS
(exocrine system) |
o Own children: can sniff identity of your own off spring
o Individual siblings o VICE VERSA: infants can recognize their own mothers |
|
|
Vomeronsal Organ (exocrine system)
|
Nasal passage—used to think olfactory only plated role in pheromones it specializes in detecting pheromones
|
|
|
Pituitary Gland ( endocrine system)
|
o “Master Gland”
o Hypothalamus regulates Neurohormones: releasing /inhibiting ( secretes or doesn’t) |
|
|
Oxytocin ( endocrine system)
What it does for male & female |
o Uterine contractions ( stimulates)
o Lactation o Bonding ( parent- infant) o Sexual arousal/orgasm- stimulates & heightens organs is BOTH sexes • 3-5 times greater in males just prior to and during organism o Trust: increase administer |
|
|
Thyroid ( endocrine system)
thyroxin, HYPERthyroidism, HYPO |
o Thyroxin: Growth, up metabolism
o HYPERthyroidism: Excitation; increase HR ( diet pills) o HYPOthyroidism: Tired ( chronically)- cretinism ( infants)-stunned growth |
|
|
Adrenal Cortex (endocrine)
What are the drugs that it releases Sex Horomones? |
o Coricosterone & cortisol: metabolism & energy
• Cortisone ( exogenous) show, allergic reactions, inflammation, rash-side effects- emotional problems & depression o Adrenal Sex Hormones (steroids)- androgen (males) & Estrogen(females) |
|
|
What happens when Androgen & Estrogen get out of balance
(endocrine) |
o Females: Deep voice ( too much androgen to little estrogen), grow facial hair, breasts shrink
o Males: High Voice, Loose Facial hair, grow breasts |
|
|
Sexual Differences in Mammals & Birds ( Differentiated via prenatal hormone and undifferentiated)
(endocrine) |
o Undifferentiated : Mammals ( females) birds ( males)
o Differentiated sex via prenatal hormone: Mammals (male-androgen) Birds ( female-estrogen) |
|
|
Prenatal Masculinization
what happens in the womb? |
In the womb if your rat is next to a boy then the females whose getting his blood could be masculinized
o Humans: depends how much androgens is involved |
|
|
Prenatal Masculinization VIA progesterone
what is progesterone? what was it doing to the fetus? |
Progesterone: hormone chemically similar to androgen – they were masclinizing he fetus ( showed male characteristics)
|
|
|
Estrogen and Homosexuality
what happens where there is excessive estrogen |
immediate release of LH
|
|
|
Epinephrine ( Adrenal Medulla)
|
Adrenalin: “Fight or Flight” -- Immediate effect then rubs off
*Increase HR, BP, memory Antagonist- messes it up |
|
|
Norepinephrine (Adrenal Medulla)
|
Noradrenalin: similar functions as Epinephrine
|
|
|
Ovaries
What are they? what do they secrete? |
oFemale Reproduction
oEstrogen—Female sexual development & behavior oProgesterone—Maintains pregnancy • RU 486- Antagonist to proestrogen—Can’t lock in & do job there isn’t a maintain of pregnancy |
|
|
Testes
What are they ? what do they secrete? |
oMale Reproduction
oTestosterone—Sperm Production, Male Sexual development & behavior • Injected in 1 day old & 2 days later showed development characteristics. Also—makes grow which starts @ adolescence |
|
|
Steroid Use by Athletes
*Men *Women *Both |
MEN: Breast development, shrinking testes, Decrease in sperm, Increase in Cholesterol , Increase aggression/arability
WOMEN: deepening voice, menstrual inability, growth of facial & body hair, clitoris Enlargement BOTH SEXES: emotional problems, severe psychosis, liver damage, Hardening or arteries, Hypertension |
|
|
PreMenstrual Syndrome
what is it ? how do you treat it ? what are the different "pills" |
IT IS: Decrease Progesterone, Increase Estrogen
TREAT with Progesterone- tiny amounts o “Combination” pill-- < mood changes ( BC, fewer mood changes) o “Sequential” pill-- > mood changes ( inducing fluctuation, women report mood problems) o Mid- Cycle estrogen peak impair cognition ( 2 weeks later, fine) |
|
|
Sensation VS perception
which is which? |
SENSATION: Neurophysiology- receptors, brain ( action potential – sounds waves into brain
PERCEPTION: interpretation into brain- perception |
|
|
Sensory Threshold : ABSOLUTE
|
Stimulus detection. 50 % detection rule
|
|
|
Sensory Threshold: DIFFERENCE
"JND" what is it ? |
"How much do I have to change the light b4 you notice?
Just Noticable Difference Stimulus Change- 50% detection rule |
|
|
What are the skin senses? and what organ is it?
|
** The largest sense organ **
pressure, pain, warmth, cold |
|
|
Position Sensors : KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS
what are they ? |
Proprioception ( you don't have to look @ your arm to know that is it there)
Feedback of body parts : muscles, tendons, joints |
|
|
Position Sensors: EQUILIBRATOR RECEPTORS
what are they? how do they work |
Balance, Semicircular canals, & Vestibular Sacs
Filled w/ fluid & lined w/ hair cells & when you move it triggers AP & takes info back to brain to be able to do what you are doing |
|
|
Olfaction
what is it? what does Olfactory Epithelium do? |
SMELL
Epithelium: pheromones--Trigger AP when smells and go to olfactory nerve to brain |
|
|
taste
5 receptors and the three things that make up how you taste |
Bitter, Sour, Salty, Sweet, Umami
-Fungiform Papilla ( red bumps) -Buds ( hundreds) -Receptor Cells (20) |
|
|
Audition
what is it ? 3 characteristics |
Sound=pressure variation in a medium
characteristics: Frequency (pitch) Amplitude ( loudness) Complexity (harmonics) |
|
|
Frequency
what is made of? the lowest is called? highest? |
Pitch, Herz ( hz)
Human range: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz ( ultra sound—most can’t hear that loud, shrinking all the time) < 20 Hz= infrasound >20,000 Hz= ultrasounds |
|
|
Amplitude
made out of what ? what will start to happen to humans ? |
Intensity or loudness, Decibels (dB)
Ipod for 5 min a day can cause hearing loss Unsafe volume, human species will go deaf earlier, won’t feel the pain but it is destroying hearing receptors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cochlea
what is it? whats inside it ? how do you hear sounds ? Whats typical? |
Cochlea: fluid filled tube attached to auditory nerve
Cilia: Hair cells as It moves its causes neurons to fire to the brain and that’s where you hear sounds 105 is typical 107 dB affects visual judgment |
|
|
Vision
|
Light: A narrow band of electromagnetic energy
|
|
|
Retina
|
Photo receptors-- light enter though pupil & travel back to retina and then to rods and cods
Firing order" Rods/cones Bipolar Ganglion ( light- top to bottom) |
|
|
Rods & Cones
|
RODS: any wavelength, objects but NOT color ( “gray scale”), LOW intensities—see darkness
CONES: COLOR VISION, by responding selectively to different wavelengths, HIGH intensities ( needs more illumination b4 starts firing) |
|
|
Fovea
|
Densely packed cones : awful lot of cones are found here
|
|
|
Blind Spot-- Saccadic Movements
|
SM: eyes go side to side ( 3/sec ( 30ms each w. 300-ms “fixations” between)
|
|
|
Dark and Light adaptation
|
DARK: adjusting to LOW levels of illumination
Once the adjust you’ll be able to see LIGHT: adjusting to HIGH levels of illumination Takes time to adjusts |
|
|
Altricial vs Precocial Species
|
Altricial: HIGHLY dependent on parental care ( can't walk aroun)
Precocial: LESS dependent on parental care ( not totally dependent) |
|
|
Context: Umwelt= perceptual world
|
Same environment-- diff. perception
Every Species has their own perceptual world Don’t rely on vision a whole lot b/c everyone sees differently |
|
|
Illisions
Why are they good/help? bad? |
Perceptions can be INaccurate; MISpercieve incoming sensory info
Could be dangerous—scientist The airport scanner—it takes a HUGE amount of concentration – only 20 min b/c the concentration goes haywire Illusions help us understand faulty perception ( why there utilized) Characteristics distortions in perceptions – shadows “ craters” |
|
|
Perceptual Constancy
Two types? |
Perceive a stable world despite ambiguous sensory info
Two Types: Size ( as he gets closers it looks like its getting bigger) Shape |
|
|
Subliminal Perception
|
Causes you to do something you wouldn’t normally do. “hungry” buy popcorn—doing this wasn’t causes people to go buy
|
|
|
Back Masking in Rock music
why is it stupid? |
Playing a song backwards
Difficult to substantiate Prompting required Creation near impossible |
|
|
Pupillometry
what is it ? pupils? emotional state? |
Pupils-- Sympathetic ( controlled by sympathetic to open up, dilate, or restrict)
Own Emotional State ( whether dilate/restricted) Response to others- noverbal comm. People want friends w.dilated bc constricted are standoffish |
|
|
Belladonna ( plant)
what does it do ? what is in it |
Causes pupils to artificially dilate
Atropine-- dilates-- not good for eyes BANNED "beautiful Lady" |
|
|
Blinking
developmental changes? lying? |
Developmental changes- Infant 1 blink per min Adult- 10-20
lying- Nixon h20 gate- 30-40 |
|
|
Micro-expressions
|
Nonverbal- suddle movements to be able to see if someone is lying
|
|
|
Learning= what is it? definintion?
|
Intervening variable= unobservable process ( assumed process that we believe is going on but don’t know until after there is a change in learning
Outcome Only **** A CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF PRACTICE |
|
|
Aplysia
|
Successful model for research- renders learning can see the learning
|
|
|
HABITUATION
|
can get a single cell organism to do that- involves nervous system = response decrement dur to repeated stimuli
**** DECREASE IN RESPONDING |
|
|
Sensory Adaptaion
|
goven by 2 diff. mechanism reduction of AP that happens @ receptors
**** DECREASE IN RESPONDING |
|
|
Three ways that result in a DECREASE in RESPONDING
|
Sensory adaptation, habituation, extinctioin ( same results, different mechanisms)
|
|
|
Reinforcement
what does it ALWAYS DO? |
ALWAYS rewarding ALWAYS increase responding
ReinforceMENT doesnt = ReinfocER |
|
|
2 Main Reinforcers
|
POSITIVE: appetitive stimulus (pleasing, something you like )
NEGATIVE: aversive stimulus ( don’t like- wish it wasn’t there & go away) |
|
|
Conditioning
3 phases |
Reward/punishment- frequency/form
ACQUISITION: response to increase due to reward SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY: return of responding due to a lapse of time following extinction EXTINCTION: response decrease due to NO reward |
|
|
More Reinforcers
|
SECONDARY: Reinforcing after association with primary reinforce ( want to have secondary b/w you associate w. primary—money- food, water, sex)
|
|
|
Discrimination learning ( 2 differential responces)
|
Differential responses to unlike stimuli : simultaneous ( 2gether) successive ( 1 after the other)
|
|
|
Two kinds of discrimination problems
|
SPATIAL: reward right or left
VISUAL: reward for characteristics ( doesn't matter where it is you have to learn that response to a triangle it works not a circle) |
|
|
Stimulus Generalization
|
Learn response to stimulus ( 64)
Similar: response NOVEL: no response Not exact one but same rules (monopoly) |
|
|
Classical Conditioning
Pavlovs experiment |
Reflex ( unconditioned response to stimulus)- start something automatically
Condition same response to novel stimulus ( dogs haven’t eaten yet but they slobber to the conditioned stimuli b4 he food gets there )( learned to associate fridge with food coming) |
|
|
Two general laws of learning
|
1. Repeated pairing of CS and US
2. .5 second CS-US interval- optimal not less or long |
|
|
Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner
what is it? skinner box? |
Behavioral modification ( trying to strengthen, no reflexes involved)
Shaping from scratch or strengthen but positive reinforcement '"new response via reinforcement" Skinner box- 2 levers and then you push to get the reinforcement |
|
|
Key Pecking Procedure
the order and what are the three things that makes it work? |
Keys, Soleniod, Food Magazine, aperture, chute
80% ad libitum weight-- makes you hungry enough so food is reinforcer Magazine training ( solenoid switches noise, food location) Shape Successive approximations |
|
|
Superstitious Behavior
Accidental Strengthening? |
Auto shaping
Accidental strengthening by reinforcement -Coke machine- insert $- nothing comes out- you do it again but insert money @ angle and it works- from now on youll always insert $ at angle |
|
|
Observational Learning
|
learn by observing
|
|
|
Insight Learning
|
New, Adaptive response by understanding relationship among objects (using objects to solve a prob
|
|
|
Wolfgang Kohler
"tool use" ? enhanced by sleep? |
Insight Learning- Mentality of apres- aprs can't reach a banana give sticks and out them together " tool use"
enhance by sleep: present stimuli & minimal training required insight for completion |
|
|
The Garcia Effect: Taste aversion learning
|
US: low doses of poison
UR: rat gets sick NS/CS: sweetened water CR: aversion sweeted water ** doesn't have to follow .5 second rule |
