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230 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is personality?
an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual & aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development.
Humanistic Psychology
The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development.
Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura's theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism.
Trait Theory
Personality theory that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions.
Conscious Level (Freud)
All the thoughts, feelings, and sensations that you're aware of at this particular moment.
Preconscious Level (Freud)
Contains information that you're not currently aware of but can easily bring to conscious awareness, such as memories of recent events or your street address.
Unconscious Level (Freud)
A term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes & drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness.
Freud saw personality and behavior as...
The result of a constant interplay between conflicting psychological forces.
Freudian Slips
The unconscious can also be revealed in unintentional actions, such as accidents, mistakes, instances of forgetting, and inadvertent slips of the tongue.
Id
The completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle
Supergo
The partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules.
Ego
The partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world.
Eros
The self-preservation or life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the species (Id).
Libido
The psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality; the sex drive (Id).
Thanatos
The death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive actions (Id).
Pleasure principle
The motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and is the guiding principle of the id.
Reality Principle
The capacity to accommodate external demands by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist (balance between the id's instinctual demands and the restrictions of the outer world).
The Major Ego Defense Mechanisms
Repression, displacement, sublimation, rationalization, projection, reaction formation, denial, undoing, regression.
Ego Defense Mechanisms
largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety.
Repression
The complete exclusion from consciousness of anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, or impulses; the most basic defense mechanism. (3 years after being hospitalized for back surgery, a man can only remember vague details about the event).
Displacement
The redirection of emotional impulses toward a substitute person or object, usually one less threatening or dangerous than the original source of conflict.
Sublimation
A form of displacement in which sexual urges are rechanneled into productive, nonsexual activities.
Rationalization
Justifying one's actions or feelings with socially acceptable explanations rather than consciously acknowledging one's true motives or desires.
Projection
The attribution of one's own unacceptable urges or qualities to others. (A married woman who is sexually attracted to a co-worker accuses him of flirting with her).
Reaction Formation
Thinking or behaving in a way that is extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.
Denial
The failure to recognize or acknowledge the existence of anxiety-provoking information.
Undoing
A form of unconscious repentance that involves neutralizing or atoning for an unacceptable action or thought with a second action or thought.
Regression
Retreating to a behavior pattern characteristic of an earlier stage of development.
Psychosexual Stages
In Freud's theory, age-related developmental periods in which the child's sexual urges are focused on different areas of the body and are expressed through the activities associated with those areas.
Oral Stage
Birth to age 1; mouth is primary focus of pleasure; achieved via feeding and exploring objects in mouth
Anal Stage
Age 1 to 3; anus is focus of pleasure; achieved by developing control of elimination via toilet training.
Phallic Stage
Age 3 to 6; genitals are primary focus of pleasure; achieved by sexual curiosity, masturbation, and sexual attraction to same-sex parent.
Latency Stage
Age 7 to 11; Sexual impulses become repressed and dormant.
Genital Stage
Adolescence; Reaches physical sexual maturity, the genital become focus of pleasure; which the person seeks to satisfy in heterosexual relationships.
Oedipus Complex
In Freud's theory, a child's unconcisous sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent; usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward same-sex parent.
Identification
In psychoanalytic theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by imitating the behavior and characteristics of another person.
What does Carl Jung believe?
People are motivated by a more general psychological energy that pushes them to achieve psychological growth, self-realization, and psychic wholeness and harmony.
Collective Unconscious
In Jung's theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.
Archetypes
In Jung's theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious.
Anima
Every man's feminine side
Animus
Every females masculine side.
Karen Horney's Theory
Believed that disturbances in human relationships, not sexual conflicts, were the cause of psychological problems. Such problems arise from the attempt to deal with basic anxiety.
Basic Anxiety
The feeling a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world.
Alfred Adler's Theory
The most fundamental human motive is striving for superiority.
Striving for superiority (Adler)
The desire to improve oneself, master challenges, and move toward self-perfection and self-realization.
Striving toward superiority arises from universal...
feelings of inferiority that are experienced during infancy and childhood, when the child is helpless and dependent on others.
3 Problems with Freud's Theory
Inadequacy of evidence, lack of testability, sexism.
Actualizing Tendency
In Roger's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism.
Self-Concept
The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself.
What is the most basic human motive? (according to rogers)
People are motivated to act in accordance with their self-concept. So strong is the need to maintain a consistent self-concept that people will deny or distort experiences that contradict their self-concept.
Conditional Positive Regard
In Rogers' theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others; conditional love or acceptance.
What does conditional positive regard do to personality?
Causes the child to learn to deny or distort his genuine feelings.
Unconditional Positive Regard
In Rogers' theory, the sense that you will be valued and love even if you don't conform to the standards and expectations of others; unconditional love or acceptance.
According to Rogers, a fully functioning person...
has a flexible, constantly evolving self-concept. She is realistic, open to new experiences, and capable of changing in response to new experiences.
Rogers' Congruence
A fully functioning person, rather than defending against, or distorting her own thoughts or feelings, experiences congruence: her sense of self is consistent with her emotions and experiences.
Criticism of the humanistic perspective
Theories are hard to validate or test scientifically. Too optimistic.
Reciprocal Determinism
A model proposed by Bandura that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.
Self-efficacy
The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self-confidence or self-doubt.
What is a key strength of the social cognitive theory?
Its grounded in empirical, laboratory research. It is built on research in learning, cognitive psychology, and social psychology, rather than clinical impressions.
What are some weaknesses of the social cognitive perspective?
1) Applies best to lab research (everyday life situations are much more complex). 2) Ignores unconscious influences.
The trait approach to personality focuses primarily on...
describing individual differences.
Criticism of the Trait Perspective
1) Doesn't really explain human personality. It just labels general predispositions to behave in a certain way. 2) Doesn't attempt to explain how or why individual differences develop. 3) Generally fails to address other important personality issues, such as basic motives that drive human personality, the role of unconscious mental processes, how beliefs about the self influence personality, or how psychological change and growth occur.
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic; Influence of unconscious psychological processes; importance of sexual & aggressive instincts; lasting effects of early childhood experiences.
Carl Jung
Psychoanalytic; The collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological wholeness.
Karen Horney
Psychoanalytic; Importance of parent-child relationship; defending against basic anxiety; womb envy.
Alfred Adler
Psychoanalytic; Striving for superiority, compensating for feelings of inferiority.
Carl Rogers
Humanistic; Emphasis on the self-concept, psychological growth, free will, and inherent goodness.
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic; behavior as motivated by hierarchy of needs and striving for self-actualization.
Albert Bandura
Social Cognitive; Reciprocal interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors; emphasis on conscious thoughts, self-efficacy beliefs, self-regulation, and goal-setting.
Any psychological test is useful as long as it achieves two basic goals:
1) It accurately and consistently reflects a person's characteristics on some dimension. 2) It predicts a person's future psychological functioning or behavior.
Projective Test
A type of personality test that involves a person's interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality traits.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective test using inkblots, developed by Rorschach in 1921.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes.
What is the primary strength of a projective test?
Provide a wealth of information that can be explored in further psychotherapy.
What are the weaknesses of a projective test?
1) The testing situation or the examiner's behavior can influence a person's responses. 2) The scoring is highly subjective. 3) Often fail to produce consistent results. 4) Poor at predicting future behavior.
Self-report inventory
A type of psychological test in which a person's responses to standardized questions are compared to established norms; objective personality tests.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders; used to assess both normal and disturbed populations.
What are the strengths of self-report inventories?
1) Standardization. 2) Use of established norms.
What are the weaknesses of self-report inventories?
1) People can successfully fake responses and answer in social desirable ways. 2) People are prone to responding in a set way. 3) People are not always accurate judges of their own behavior, attitudes, or attributes.
psychopathology
the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.
psychological disorder
a pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function on one or more important areas of daily life, or both.
DSM-IV-TR
Abbreviation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders.
Results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
26% reported experiencing the symptoms of a psychological disorder during the previous year; 46% reported experiencing symptoms at some point int heir life. The lifetime prevalence of the most commonly reported categories of mental disorders are as follows: Anxiety Disorders 29%, Mood Disorders 21%, Impulse Control Disorders 25%, Substance Use Disorders 15%.
Anxiety Disorders
A category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic feature and causes significant disruptions in the person's cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal functioning.
Three features that distinguish normal anxiety from pathological anxiety.
1) Pathological anxiety is irrational. 2) Pathological anxiety is uncontrollable. 3) Pathological anxiety is disruptive.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent, unexpected panic attacks. 40% of people could not identify any stressful event or negative life experience that might have precipitated the initial panic attack.
Panic Attack
A sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity.
What causes panic disorder?
Biological & Psychological causes. People with panic disorder tend to misinterpret the physical signs of arousal as catastrophic and dangerous.
Phobia
A strong or irrational fear of something, usually a specific object or situation that does not necessarily interfere with the ability to function in daily life.
Specific Phobia
An anxiety disorder characterized by an extreme or irrational fear of a specific object or situation that interferes with the ability to function in daily life.
What are some statistics about phobias?
13% of general population experience of a specific phobia at some time in their life; more than twice as many women as men suffer from specific phobia.
Specific Phobias fall into 4 categories:
1) Fear of particular situations (such as flying, driving, elevators). 2) Fear of feature of the natural environment (Such as heights, water, thunder). 3) Fear of injury or blood (such as fear of injections, needles, medical procedures). 4) Fear of animals and insects (such as snakes, spiders, dogs).
Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of experiencing a panic attack in a public situation and being unable to escape or get help.
Social Phobia
An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations.
Systematic desensitization
A behavior therapy technique based on classical conditioning that involves modifying behavior by conditioning a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response.
3 Steps of Systematic Desensitization
1) The patient learns progressive relaxation (which involves successively relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved). 2) The behavior therapist helps the patient construct an anxiety hierarchy (which is a list of anxiety-provoking images associated with the feared situation, arranged from least to most anxiety-producing). 3) The actual process of desensitization.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which chronic and persistent symptoms of anxiety develop in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma.
Statistics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Over 5 million Americans a year; twice as many women as men
Who is more likely to get Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
1) People with a personal or family history of psychological disorders. 2) Magnitude of traumas. 3) When people undergo multiple traumas.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which the symptoms of anxiety are triggered by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain actions.
Obsessions
Repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress.
Compulsions
Repetitive behavior or mental acts that are performed to prevent or reduce anxiety.
What causes OCD?
Unsure, but there is biolgoical linkings. A deficiency in serotonin. Has been linked with dysfunction in specific brain areas.
Mood disorders
A category of mental disorders in which significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emotions cause impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning; also called affective disorders.
Major Depression
A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, hopelessness, causing impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.
What are the emotional symptoms of major depression?
Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt, emptiness, or worthlessness; feeling emotionally disconnected from others; turning away from other people.
What are the cognitive symptoms of major depression?
Difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering; global negativity and pessimism; suicidal thoughts or preoccupation with death.
What are the behavioral symptoms of major depression?
Dejected facial expression; makes less eye contact, eyes downcast; smiles less often; slowed movements, speech, and gestures; tearfulness or spontaneous episodes of crying; loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities, including sex; withdrawal from social activities.
What are the physical symptoms of major depression?
Changes in appetite resulting in significant weight loss or gain; insomnia, early morning awakening, or oversleeping; vague but chronic aches and pains; dimished sexual interest; loss of physical and mental energy; global feelings of anxiety; restlessness, fidgety activity.
To be diagnosed with major depression, a person must display most of the symptoms for...
2 weeks or longer.
How can you help prevent suicide?
Actively listen as the person talks and vents her feelings; don't deny or minimize the person's suicidal intentions; identify other potential solutions; ask the other person to delay his decision; encourage the person to seek professional help.
People who talk about suicide rarely commit suicide. (T/F)
False
The tendency toward suicide is not genetically (i.e., biologically) inherited and passed on from one generation to another. (T/F)
True
The suicidal person neither wants to die nor is fully intent on dying.
True
If assessed by a psychiatrist, every person who commits suicide would be diagnosed as depressed. (T/F)
False
If you ask someone directly, “Do you feel like killing yourself?” it will likely lead that person to make a suicide attempt. (T/F)
False
A suicidal person will always be suicidal and entertain thoughts of suicide. (T/F)
False
Suicide rarely happens without warning. (T/F)
True
A person who commits suicide is mentally ill. (T/F)
False
A time of high suicide risk in depression is the time when the person seems to begin to improve. (T/F)
True
Nothing can be done to stop people from making the attempt once they have made up their minds to kill themselves. (T/F)
False
Motives and causes of suicide are readily established. (T/F)
False
A person who has made a past suicide attempt is more likely to attempt suicide again than someone who has never attempted it. (T/F)
True
Suicide is among the top 10 causes of death in the United States. (T/F)
False
Most people who attempt suicide fail to kill themselves. (T/F)
True
Those who attempt suicide do so only to manipulate others and attract attention to themselves. (T/F)
False
Oppressive weather has been found to be very closely related to suicidal behavior. (T/F)
False
There is a strong correlation between alcoholism and suicide. (T/F)
True
Suicide seems unrelated to moon phases. (T/F)
False
Dysthymic Disorder
A mood disorder involving chronic, low-grade feelings of depression that produce subjective discomfort but do not seriously impair the ability to function.
Double Depression
When a person experiences one or more episodes of major depression on top of their ongoing dysthymic disorder. As the person recovers from the episode of major depression, he returns to the less intense depressed symptoms of dysthymic disorder.
What is the most common of all psychological disorders?
Depression; 13 to 14 million Americans a year.
What are the statistics for men and women (for depression)?
Women are twice as likely as men. Women: 1 in 4 chance you will get it in your life. Men: 1 in 8 chance.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
A mood disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer.
Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement; formerly called manic depression.
Manic Episode
A sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts and speech.
Cyclothymic Disorder
A mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder.
When does the onset of bipolar disorder occur?
Early twenties.
How many Americans suffer from bipolar disorder?
Annually: 2 million. No differences between sexes. The lifetime risk for both men and women for developing this is 1%.
What medicine is given to help control bipolar disorder?
Lithium.
What causes mood disorders?
1) Genetic predisposition; 2) Disruptions in brain chemistry. 3) Stress. 4) Links between cigarette smoking and the development of major depression and other psychological disorders.
Schizophrenia
A psychological disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions and thought process.
Positive Symptoms
In schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect excesses or distortions of normal functioning, including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts and behavior.
Negative Symptoms
In schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect defects or deficits in normal functioning, including flat affect, alogia, and avolition.
Delusion
A falsely held belief that persists in spite of compelling contradictory evidence.
Hallucination
A false or distorted perception that seems vividly real to the person experiencing it.
How is schizophrenia diagnosed?
When 2 or more of the symptoms are actively present for a month or longer.
Delusions of reference
The person is convinced that other people are constantly talking about her or that everything that happens is somehow related to her.
Delusions of grandeur
Involve the belief that the person is extremely powerful, important, or wealthy.
Delusions of persecution
The basic theme is that others are plotting against or trying to harm the person or someone close to her.
Schizophrenia: Flat affect
Regardless of the situation, the person repsonds in an emotionally "flat" way, showing a dramatic reduction in emotional responsiveness & facial expression.
Schizophrenia: Alogia
Greatly reduced production in speech. Verbal responses are limited to brief, empty comments
Schizophrenia: Avolition
The inability to initiate or persist in even simple forms of goal-directed behaviors such as dressing, bathing or engaging in social acitivities. Instead, the person seems to be completely apathetic, sometimes sitting still for hours at a time.
Paranoid (type of schizophrenia)
Characterized by presence of delusions, hallucinations, or both. Show virtually no cognitive impairment, disorganized behavior, or negative symptoms. Most common type.
Catatonic (type of schizophrenia)
Marked by highly disturbed movements or actions. These may include bizarre postures or grimaces, extremely agitated behavioor, complete immobility, the echoing of words just spoken by another person, or imitation of the movements of others. Characterized by waxy flexibility (the person can be "molded" into any position and will hold that position indefinitely). Very rare
Disorganized (type of schizophrenia)
Extremely disorganized behavior, disorganized speech, and flat affect. Delusions anad hallucinations are sometimes present, but are not well organized and integrated. Silliness, laughing, and giggling may appear for no apparent reason.
Undiffrenetiated (type of schizophrenia)
Label is used when an individual displays some combination of positive and negative symptoms and does not clearly fit the criteria for the other 3 types.
How many new cases of schizophrenia are diagnosed every year in the US?
200,000
When is the typical onset of schizophrenia?
Young adulthood.
How many Americans are annually treated for schizophrenia?
1 million.
Dissociative experience
a break or disruption in consciousness during which awareness, memory, and personal identity become separated or divided.
Dissociative disorders
A category of psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity impair the ability to function.
Dissociative Amnesia
A dissociative disorder involving the partial or total inability to recall important information.
Dissociative Fugue
A dissociative disorder involving sudden and unexpected travel away from home, extensive amnesia, and identity confusion.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
A dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of 2 or more distinct identities; formerly called multiple personality disorder.
What causes dissociative disorders?
A very high percentage of people with DID have suffered from extreme physical or sexual abuse in childhood.
Personality Disorder
Inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations, and deviate from the expectations of the individual's culture.
Paranoid personality disorder
A personality disorder characterized by the pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of the motives of others without sufficient basis.
What are some statistics for paranoid personality disorder?
3% of Americans have it; mostly men.
What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?
Odd, eccentric cluster; dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster; anxious, fearful culture.
What personality disorders are in the odd, eccentric cluster?
Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal.
What personality disorders are in the dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster?
Anti-social, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic.
What personality disorders are in the anxious, fearful cluster?
Avoidant, dependent, OCD.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others; such individuals are often referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths.
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and marked by impulsivity.
What are statistics about borderline personality disorder?
Of the estimated 10 million Americans with this, 75% are women.
What are the key diagnostic categories of psychology disorders?
Infancy, childhood or adolescent ; substance-related; somatoform; sexual and gender identity; sleep; impulse-control.
Infancy, childhood, or adolescent disorders
Include a wide range of developmental, behavioral, learning, and communication disorders that usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Symptoms of a particular disorder may vary depending on a child's age and developmental level.
Substance-Related Disorders
Occurrence of adverse social, behavioral, psychological, and physical effects from seeking or using substances.
Somatoform Disorders
Persistent, reoccurring complaints of bodily symptoms that have no physical or medical basis.
Psychoanalysis
A type of psychotherapy originated by Freud in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts.
Free Association
A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the patient spontaneously reports all thoughts, feelings and mental images as they come to mind, as a way of revealing unconscious thoughts and emotions.
Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the patient's unconscious attempts to block the revelation of repressed memories and conflicts.
Dream Interpretation
A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations.
Interpretation
A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the psychoanalyst offers a carefully time explanation of the patient's dreams, free associations, or behaviors to facilitate the recognition of unconscious conflicts or motivations.
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with a significant person in the patient's life such as parent, are unconsciously transferred to the psychoanalyst.
Short-Term Dynamic Therapies
Type of psychotherapy that is based on psychoanalytic theory but differs in that it is typically time-limited, has specific goals, and involves an active, rather than neutral, role for the therapist.
Interpersonal Theory (IPT)
A brief, psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on current relationships and is based on the assumption that symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems.
Client-Centered Therapy
A type of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist is nondirective and reflective, and the client directs the focus of each therapy session.
How did Rogers think that the therapist should conduct therapy sessions?
The therapist must not direct the client, make decisions for the client, offer solutions, or pass judgment on the client's thoughts or feelings. Instead, change in therapy must be chosen and directed by the clean. The therapist's role is to create the conditions that allow the client to direct the focus of therapy.
What 3 qualities of the therapist did Rogers believe are necessary?
Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic understanding.
What is self-actualization?
The realization of his or her unique potentials and talents.
Motivational Interviewing
Is designed to help clients overcome the mixed feelings or reluctance they might have about committing to change.
Behavior Therapy
A type of psychotherapy that focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques.
Counterconditioning
A behavior therapy technique based on classical conditioning that involves modifying behavior by conditioning a new response that is incompatible with a previously learned response.
Bell and Pad treatment
A behavior therapy technique used to treat nighttime bedwetting by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder.
Aversive Conditioning
A relatively ineffective type of behavior therapy that involves repeatedly pairing an aversive stimuli with the occurrence of undesirable behaviors or thoughts.
Token Economy
A form of behavior therapy in which the therapeutic environment is structured to reward desired behaviors with tokens or points that may eventually be exchanged for tangible rewards
Cognitive Therapies
A group of psychotherapies based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking; treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy thinking patterns.
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
A type of cognitive theory developed by Albert Ellis, that focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
ABC model
When an (A)ctivating event occurs, it's the person's (B)eliefs about the event that cause emotional (C)onsequences.
Cognitive Therapy (CT)
A type of cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, that focuses on changing the client's unrealistic beliefs.
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET): Founder
Albert Ellis
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET): Source of Problems
Irrational Beliefs
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET): Treatment Techniques
Very directive; identify , logically dispute, and challenge irrational beliefs
Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET): Goals of Therapy
Surrender of irrational beliefs and absolutist demands
Cognitive Therapy (CT): Founder
Aaron Beck
Cognitive Therapy (CT): Source of Problems
Unrealistic, distorted perceptions and interpretations of events due to cognitive biases.
Cognitive Therapy (CT): Treatment Techniques
Directive collaboration: teach client to monitor automatic thoughts; test accuracy of conclusions; correct distorted thinking and perception
Cognitive Therapy (CT): Goals of Therapy
Accurate and realistic perception of self, others, and external events.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Therapy that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and that is based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated.
Group Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working simultaneously with a small group of clients.
What are some advantages of group therapy over individual psychotherapy?
Very cost effective; Rather than relying on a client's self-perceptions about how she relates to other people, the therapist can observe her actual interactions with others; The support and encouragement provided by the other group members may help a person feel less alone and understand that his/her problems are not unique; Group members may provide each other with helpful, practical advice for solving common problems and can act as models for successfully overcoming difficulties; Working with a group gives people an opportunity to try out new behaviors in a safe, supportive environment.
Family therapy
A form of psychotherapy that is based on the assumption that the family is a system and that treats the family as a unit.
Is psychotherapy effective (compared to no treatment)?
On average, the person who completes psychotherapy treatment is better off than about 80% of those in the untreated control group.
Is one form of psychotherapy superior in terms of effectiveness?
In general there is little or no difference in the effectiveness.
Does this mean that ALL forms of psychotherapy are equally effective?
Depends on the case.
What factors contribute to effective psychotherapy?
Quality of the therapeutic relationship, Therapist characteristics, Client characteristics, External circumstances
Eclecticism
The pragmatic and integrated use of techniques from different psychotherapies.
Psychotropic Medications
Drugs that alter mental functions, alleviate psychological symptoms, and are used to treat psychological or mental disorders.
Antipsychotic Medications
Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia.
What are the drawbacks of antipsychotic medications?
1) They don't cure schizophrenia; 2) Not effective in eliminating negative symptoms of schizophrenia. 3) Often produced unwanted side effects. 4) Can produce motor-related side effects. 5) Long-term use causes a small percentage of people to develop a potentially irreversible motor disorder.
Antianxiety Medications
Prescirptions drugs that are used to alleviate the symptoms of anxiety.
What are antianxiety medications and how do they work?
Calm jittery feelings, relax muscles, and promote sleep. Produce their effects by increasing the level of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain and slows brain aactivity.
What is lithium and how does it work?
Stops acute manic episodes. Affects levels of an excitatory neurotransmitter called glutamate. Stabilizes it.
What are antidepressant medications and how do they work?
Increases serotonin and norepinephrine.
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
A biomedical therapy used primarily in the treatment of depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure.
What to Expect in Psychotherapy
1) Strengthen your commitment to change. 2) Therapy is a collaborative effort. 3) Don't catharsis for change. 4) Don't confuse insight for change. 5) Don't expect your therapist to make decisions for you. 6) Expect therapy to challenge how you think and act.