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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Personality
A. Dynamic organization inside the person, of psychophysical; systems that create the persons characteristics patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings
Implicit assumptions
1. Behavior comes from within
2. Important features can be summed up
3. Consistency across time and situations
2. Good theories
a. Falsifiable
b. Freud’s theories are not falsifiable
c. Parsimony
c. Parsimony
Simple
 No unnecessary assumptions
Non-factorial designs
look at an IV by itself
only need 1 IV
Factorial designs
look at each IV by itself
only need 1 IV
can find variables - look at IVs at levels of other IVs
confounding variable
cant tell if it affected your study
destroys study
varies with the IV
extraneous variable
something thats a nuisance
reliability
1. The extent to which if you take a test again, you get similar results
2. Internal reliability / internal consistency
a. How well the measure works
b. Good consistency of results
c. Inter-correlations
c. Inter-correlations
 Split half reliability
 Split the test in half then compare
3. Inter-rater reliability
same results no matter who does the test
test-retest
same results for following tests
Validity
the extent to which your measure is good by comparing your measure to other available measures
construct validity
whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized psychological scientific construct (e.g., "fluid intelligence") that it purports to measure
3. Criterion validity
a. Make sure that your measure is good by comparing your measure to other available measures
convergent validity
is the degree to which an operation is similar to (converges on) other operations that it theoretically should also be similar to. For instance, to show the convergent validity of a test of mathematics skills, the scores on the test can be correlated with scores on other tests that are also designed to measure basic mathematics ability
5. Discriminate validity
a. The degree to which a scale does not measure unintended qualities
6. Face validity
a. The extent to which your scale looks like it is supposed to measure what it measures
objective
test that gives numbers
4 Humors
hippocrates
4 elements
fire, water, wind, earth
determine your personality, traits dont combign
Choleric
a. Too much yellow bile
b. Excitable, anger easily
Melancholic
black bile
depressed, anxious
Sanguine
blood
warm, optimistic, easy going
Phlegmatic
phlegm
slow lazy
Nomothetic trait theories
everyone has every trait
everyone has a value on those traits
Ideographic trait theories
not everyone has each trait
"cant put you on intro/extroversion scale"
Raymond Cattell
inductive reasoning
factor analysis - trait words
factor loadings
The data Cattell collected
Ldata - from people
Q data - questionnaires
T data - tests
Surface traits
specific, things on the surface
altruism, integrity
source traits
16 of them
Hans Eysenck
Hypothetic-deductive reasoning
the big five -- OCEAN
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neurotocism
Openness
least agreed upon, favorable interracial attitudes
desire art
Conscientiousness
planning, persistence, will
extraversion
important in greek life
social impact desire
Jung
Introvert, extrovert,
3. Types can be distinct and discontinuous categories
a. Discontinuous
 Gender, people are either male or female
 Jung thought that introverts and extroverts were the same way
trait theories
1. Assume that people occupy different points on continuously varying dimensions
a. Called a dimensional approach
2. Quantitative differences among people
Needs
1. Internal state that’s less than satisfactory, a lack of something necessary
2. Biological nature
a. Primary needs
motives
1. Needs work through motives
2. They take the underlying need and move it towards a behavior
3. When cells require food they create the motive state hunger
a. Hunger is experienced directly whereas the need for food is not
4. The need is a physical condition you don’t sense directly, it creates a motivational state that you do experience
strong motives influence behavior
press
1. Needs work through motives
2. They take the underlying need and move it towards a behavior
3. When cells require food they create the motive state hunger
a. Hunger is experienced directly whereas the need for food is not
4. The need is a physical condition you don’t sense directly, it creates a motivational state that you do experience
pizza = hungry
E. Murray’s system of needs
1. Made a list of needs, emphasizing the secondary ones
2. To Murray they underline important human behavior
a. The needs that form personality
3. He believed that everyone had these needs but not everyone experienced them on the same levels
How to measure motives
Thematic apperception test
story about the pictures
A. Need for achievement
1. People with low need for achievement prefer tasks that are either very easy or very hard
a. Doing poorly on a hard problem is expected
2. People with high need desire moderately leveled problems that they can work hard on
B. Need for affiliation
1. Social relationships, not dominance
2. People who want to affiliate adhere to group desires quickly
3. People with high affiliation get nervous and feel as if they are being judged
C. Need for intimacy
1. Carried to the extreme it’s the desire to merge with another person
2. People with higher need for intimacy had more one on one interactions than group interactions
a. More listening
D. Patterned needs: inhibited power motive
1. Combination of a low need for affiliation with a high need for power
a. Pattern called inhibited power motive
2. Low affiliation lets them make tough decisions without fear of dislike but high need for power makes them idea for leadership positions
B. Personology
study of individual lives
1. Sociobiology
a. Study of the biological basis of social behavior
c. Ethnology
c. Ethnology
e. Altruism
doesnt make sence
benefits the gene pool as a whole
• Inclusive fitness
 You're genes are moved into the next generation by anything that helps your part of the gene pool reproduce
• Reciprocal altruism
help then expect help in return
1. Female competition
a. Hold back from mating until the “best” male is found
b. Women enhance their appearances
c. Play hard to get
d. Incite widespread interest among males
2. Male competition
a. Brag about their accomplishments and earnings potential
b. Display expensive possessions and flex
Cattell - Lexical Criterion
more words means more important
A. Somatotypes
3. Endomorphs
a. Large, rounder
b. Viscerotonia
 Temperament
 How relaxed, tolerate, sociable you were
 jolly
4. Mesomorphs
a. Muscular
b. Somatotonia
 Boldness, adventure, activity
5. Ectomorph
a. Skinny
b. Cerebrotonia
2. Activity level
a. Overall output of energy
b. Vigor
 intensity
c. tempo
 speed
d. Resembles
 Somatotonia
 Extraversion
Sociability
3. Sociability
a. Resembles
 Viscerotonia
 Extraversion
 Agreeableness
Emotionality
a. Tendency to experience emotions
b. Resembles
 Cerebrotonia
 Neuroticism
BAS
behavioral activation system
deals with how you approach rewards
activated when people et what they want
GO
BIS
behavioral inhibition system
detecting and avoiding threats
GABA
serotonin