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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Personality
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A. Dynamic organization inside the person, of psychophysical; systems that create the persons characteristics patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings
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Implicit assumptions
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1. Behavior comes from within
2. Important features can be summed up 3. Consistency across time and situations |
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2. Good theories
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a. Falsifiable
b. Freud’s theories are not falsifiable c. Parsimony |
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c. Parsimony
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Simple
No unnecessary assumptions |
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Non-factorial designs
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look at an IV by itself
only need 1 IV |
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Factorial designs
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look at each IV by itself
only need 1 IV can find variables - look at IVs at levels of other IVs |
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confounding variable
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cant tell if it affected your study
destroys study varies with the IV |
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extraneous variable
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something thats a nuisance
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reliability
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1. The extent to which if you take a test again, you get similar results
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2. Internal reliability / internal consistency
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a. How well the measure works
b. Good consistency of results c. Inter-correlations |
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c. Inter-correlations
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Split half reliability
Split the test in half then compare |
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3. Inter-rater reliability
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same results no matter who does the test
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test-retest
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same results for following tests
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Validity
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the extent to which your measure is good by comparing your measure to other available measures
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construct validity
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whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized psychological scientific construct (e.g., "fluid intelligence") that it purports to measure
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3. Criterion validity
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a. Make sure that your measure is good by comparing your measure to other available measures
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convergent validity
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is the degree to which an operation is similar to (converges on) other operations that it theoretically should also be similar to. For instance, to show the convergent validity of a test of mathematics skills, the scores on the test can be correlated with scores on other tests that are also designed to measure basic mathematics ability
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5. Discriminate validity
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a. The degree to which a scale does not measure unintended qualities
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6. Face validity
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a. The extent to which your scale looks like it is supposed to measure what it measures
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objective
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test that gives numbers
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4 Humors
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hippocrates
4 elements fire, water, wind, earth determine your personality, traits dont combign |
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Choleric
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a. Too much yellow bile
b. Excitable, anger easily |
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Melancholic
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black bile
depressed, anxious |
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Sanguine
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blood
warm, optimistic, easy going |
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Phlegmatic
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phlegm
slow lazy |
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Nomothetic trait theories
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everyone has every trait
everyone has a value on those traits |
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Ideographic trait theories
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not everyone has each trait
"cant put you on intro/extroversion scale" |
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Raymond Cattell
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inductive reasoning
factor analysis - trait words factor loadings |
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The data Cattell collected
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Ldata - from people
Q data - questionnaires T data - tests |
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Surface traits
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specific, things on the surface
altruism, integrity |
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source traits
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16 of them
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Hans Eysenck
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Hypothetic-deductive reasoning
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the big five -- OCEAN
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Conscientiousness
Extroversion Agreeableness Neurotocism |
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Openness
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least agreed upon, favorable interracial attitudes
desire art |
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Conscientiousness
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planning, persistence, will
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extraversion
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important in greek life
social impact desire |
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Jung
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Introvert, extrovert,
3. Types can be distinct and discontinuous categories |
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a. Discontinuous
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Gender, people are either male or female
Jung thought that introverts and extroverts were the same way |
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trait theories
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1. Assume that people occupy different points on continuously varying dimensions
a. Called a dimensional approach 2. Quantitative differences among people |
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Needs
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1. Internal state that’s less than satisfactory, a lack of something necessary
2. Biological nature a. Primary needs |
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motives
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1. Needs work through motives
2. They take the underlying need and move it towards a behavior 3. When cells require food they create the motive state hunger a. Hunger is experienced directly whereas the need for food is not 4. The need is a physical condition you don’t sense directly, it creates a motivational state that you do experience strong motives influence behavior |
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press
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1. Needs work through motives
2. They take the underlying need and move it towards a behavior 3. When cells require food they create the motive state hunger a. Hunger is experienced directly whereas the need for food is not 4. The need is a physical condition you don’t sense directly, it creates a motivational state that you do experience pizza = hungry |
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E. Murray’s system of needs
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1. Made a list of needs, emphasizing the secondary ones
2. To Murray they underline important human behavior a. The needs that form personality 3. He believed that everyone had these needs but not everyone experienced them on the same levels |
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How to measure motives
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Thematic apperception test
story about the pictures |
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A. Need for achievement
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1. People with low need for achievement prefer tasks that are either very easy or very hard
a. Doing poorly on a hard problem is expected 2. People with high need desire moderately leveled problems that they can work hard on |
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B. Need for affiliation
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1. Social relationships, not dominance
2. People who want to affiliate adhere to group desires quickly 3. People with high affiliation get nervous and feel as if they are being judged |
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C. Need for intimacy
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1. Carried to the extreme it’s the desire to merge with another person
2. People with higher need for intimacy had more one on one interactions than group interactions a. More listening |
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D. Patterned needs: inhibited power motive
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1. Combination of a low need for affiliation with a high need for power
a. Pattern called inhibited power motive 2. Low affiliation lets them make tough decisions without fear of dislike but high need for power makes them idea for leadership positions |
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B. Personology
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study of individual lives
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1. Sociobiology
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a. Study of the biological basis of social behavior
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c. Ethnology
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c. Ethnology
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e. Altruism
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doesnt make sence
benefits the gene pool as a whole |
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• Inclusive fitness
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You're genes are moved into the next generation by anything that helps your part of the gene pool reproduce
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• Reciprocal altruism
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help then expect help in return
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1. Female competition
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a. Hold back from mating until the “best” male is found
b. Women enhance their appearances c. Play hard to get d. Incite widespread interest among males |
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2. Male competition
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a. Brag about their accomplishments and earnings potential
b. Display expensive possessions and flex |
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Cattell - Lexical Criterion
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more words means more important
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A. Somatotypes
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3. Endomorphs
a. Large, rounder b. Viscerotonia Temperament How relaxed, tolerate, sociable you were jolly 4. Mesomorphs a. Muscular b. Somatotonia Boldness, adventure, activity 5. Ectomorph a. Skinny b. Cerebrotonia |
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2. Activity level
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a. Overall output of energy
b. Vigor intensity c. tempo speed d. Resembles Somatotonia Extraversion |
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Sociability
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3. Sociability
a. Resembles Viscerotonia Extraversion Agreeableness |
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Emotionality
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a. Tendency to experience emotions
b. Resembles Cerebrotonia Neuroticism |
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BAS
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behavioral activation system
deals with how you approach rewards activated when people et what they want GO |
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BIS
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behavioral inhibition system
detecting and avoiding threats GABA serotonin |