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135 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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in IQ testing, the chronological age of children who on the average receive a test score similar to that of the subject.
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Mental Age
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Intelligence measurement derived by dividing an individual's mental age by the chronological age, then multiplying by 100.
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IQ
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IQ test developed by Lewis Terman who revised Binet's scale and adapted questions to American students.
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Stanford-Binet Test
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Intelligence test developed by David Wechsler in the 1930s with sub-tests grouped by aptitude rather than age level.
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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Group IQ tests developed early in this century by the American Psycological Association to assist the army in making job assignments for soldiers.
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Army Alpha and Beta tests
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Group IQ test for children of all ages that is widely used in schools
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Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT)
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Group intelligence test widely used in many school systems
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Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT)
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uniform and consistent prodecures for administering and scoring tests, such as IQ or personality tests.
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Standardization procedures
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Standard that reflects the normal or average performance of a particular goup of people on a measure such as an IQ test
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norm
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in testing, the dependable consistency of a test
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reliability
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method for evaluating test reliability by giving a subject (or subjects) the same test more than once.
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Test-retest reliability
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method of assessing test reliability in which subjects take two different forms of a test that are very similar in content and level of difficulty
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Alternate-forms reliability
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measure of test reliability in which a subjects performance on a single administratioon of a test is assessed by comparing performance on half of the test items with performance on the other half of the test terms.
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split-half reliability
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in testing, the ability of a test to measure accurately what it is supposed to measure
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validity
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method of assessing test validity that involves comparing peoples' test scores with their scores on other measures already known to be good indicators of the skill or trait being assessed.
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Criterion-related validity
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type of criterion related validity that involves comparing test performance to other criteria that are currently available
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concurrent validity
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type of criterion-related validity assessed by determining the accuracy with which tests predict performance in some future situation.
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predictive validity
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test designed to predict an individual's ability to learn new information or skills
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aptitude test
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test designed to measure an individual's learning (as opposed to the ability to learn new information)
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achievement test
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one of the two factors in Charles Spearman's conceptualization of intelligence, that consists of general intelligence and is largely genetically determined
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G-factor
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In Charles Spearman's two-factor theory of the structure of intelligence, the specific abilities or skills.
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S-factor
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In L.L. Thurstone's theory of the structure of intelligence, the separate and measurable attributes (for instance, numerical ability) that make up intelligence
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Primary mental abilities
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theory that intelligence is a multidimensional trait comprising componential, esperiential, and contextual abilities
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triarchic theory of successful intelligence
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an estimate ranging from 0 to 1.0 that indicates the proportion of variance in a trait that is accounted for by heredity
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heritability
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differences or response variability, within treatment conditions
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within-group differences
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differences, or response variability between treatment conditions
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between-group differences
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projective test for personality assessment in which the subject is shown cards depicting various scenes and is asked to describe what is happening in each scene
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thematic apperception test (TAT)
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personality tests that consist of loosely structured, ambiguous stimuli that require the subject's interpretation
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projective tests
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commonly used projective test in which the subject is asked to examine inkblots and say what they look like or bring to mind
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Rorschach inkblot test
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assessment test in which each test item is referenced to one of the original criterion groups that were used in developing the test
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criterion-keyed test
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method used in psychologoical studies in which an individual is asked questions. -may be informal and unstructured or they may be highly structured
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interview
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in personality testing, an objective, self report inventory designed to measure scientifically the variety of characteristics or traits that makeup personality
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paper-and-pencil questionnaire
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individual's belief that he or she can perform adequately and deal effectively with a particular situation
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self-efficacy
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principle that individual behaviours and personalities are shaped by the interaction between cognitive factors and environmental factors
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reciprocal determinism
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developed the idea of reciprocal determinism
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albert bandura
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insecurity that results when children perceive their parents as indifferent, harsh, or erratic in their responsiveness
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basic anxiety
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motivates one of three ineffectual patterns of social interaction
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basic hostility
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universal urge to achieve self perfection
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striving for superiority
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powerful emotionally charged universal images or concepts in Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconcious.
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archetypes
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kind of universal memory bandk that contains all the ancestral memories images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated throughout their evolvement
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collective unconscious
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part of the the uncounscious that is akin to Freud's concept of a reservoir of all repressed thoughts and feelings
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personal unconscious
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arrested development resulting from exposure to either too little or too much gratification
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fixation
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the atraction a male child feels toward his mother during phalic stage
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oedipus complex
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female counterpart of oedipus conflict
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Electra complex
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defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously replaces unacceptabel impulses with their opposites
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reaction formation
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a powerful dominating behavioral predisposition that is an organizing principle in a small number of people's lives
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cardinal trait
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distinctive patterns of behavior, emotions and thoguhts that characterize an individual's adaptations to his or her own life
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personality
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a major characteristic such as honesty or sensitivity
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central trait
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any of a varity of less generalized and often short-term traits that affect people's behavior in specific circumstances
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secondary trait
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dimensions or traits that are usually obvious such as integrity or tidiness that tend to be grouped in clusters that are related to source traits
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surface traits
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underlying traits that are the center or core of an individual's personality
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source traits
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psychoanalytic technique developed by Freud in which patients relax and say whatever comes to their mind
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free association
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vast reservoir of the mind that holds countless memories and feelings that are repressed or submerged because they are anxiety-producing
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unconscious mind
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technique developed by Freud in which an individual's revelations of normallly unconscious cognitions are interpreted
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psychoanalysis
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views people as shaped by ongoing conflicts between primary drives and the social pressure of civilized society
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psychoanalytic theory
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the biological component of personality consisting of life instincts and death instincts
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id
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individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations for the real reasons for behaviors
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rationalization
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individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptabel impulses by attributing thoe impulses to someone else
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projection
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defense mechanism in which as person diverts his or her impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety
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displacement
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form of the defense mechanism in which impulse driven behaviors are channeled toward producing a socially valued acomplishment
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sublimation
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believed that genes dont fix behavior but establish a range of possible ractions to the experiences an environment can provide
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Weinberg
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studied heredity of intelligence in rats
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Cooper and Zubek
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recently presented evidence that Burt's experiment may not have been a fluke
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John Rushton
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conducted twin studies that showed intelligence was most likely hereditary
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Sir Cyril Burt
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proposed 7 kinds of intelligence, 3 of which were normal and the other 4 -musical, bodily kinesthetic, inter/intra personal
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Howard Gardner
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studied "practical intelligence" focused on how information is processed to solve problems. said intelligence doesn't have to = speed
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Sternberg
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believes any intellectual task can be analyzed in terms of 3 major intellectual functions
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Guliford
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said if IQ differences between individuals were genetically influenced then this might also be true for races
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Arthur Jensen
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criticized Spearman, believed measuring a person's intelligence would require measuring all 7 primary mental abilities
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Thurstone
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studied structure of intelligence and factor analysis
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Charles Spearman
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made test for late adolecense to adulthood
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David Wechsler
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Americanized Binet's test to Stanford-Binet test
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Lewis Terman
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mental age/ chronological age x 100
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IQ
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coined term "mental level" came up with intelligence tests for french schools
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Alfred Binet
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believed upper class were more intelligent and the men were superior to women, and that caucasions were superior to other races
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Sir Francis Galton
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defined intelligence as ability to think abstractly
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Lewis Terman
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considered intelligence the ability to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
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David Wechsler
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id
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in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the biological component of personality cnsisting of life instincts and death instincts.
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libidio
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in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the energy that fuel the id and motivates all behavior
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anxiety
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free-floating fear or apprehension that may occur with or without an easily identifiable source
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oral stage
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the first stage of psychosexual development spanning birth through 12-18 months during which the lips and mouth are the primary erogenous zone
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ego
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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the component of persnality that acts as an intermediary between the instinctual demands of the id and the reality of the real world
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superego
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according to Freud, the third system of persnality that cnsists of an individual's conscience as well as teh ego-ideal (the shoulds of behavior)
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Defense Mechanism
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in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism by which ideas, feelings, or memories that are too painful to deal with on a conscious level are banished to the unconscious
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rationalization
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defense mechanism in which an individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations foor the real reasons for behaviors
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projection
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defense mechanism in which a person diverts his or her impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety
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id
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in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the biological component of personality cnsisting of life instincts and death instincts.
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libidio
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in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the energy that fuel the id and motivates all behavior
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anxiety
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free-floating fear or apprehension that may occur with or without an easily identifiable source
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oral stage
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the first stage of psychosexual development spanning birth through 12-18 months during which the lips and mouth are the primary erogenous zone
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ego
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In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the component of persnality that acts as an intermediary between the instinctual demands of the id and the reality of the real world
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superego
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according to Freud, the third system of persnality that cnsists of an individual's conscience as well as teh ego-ideal (the shoulds of behavior)
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Defense Mechanism
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in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, an unconscious maneuver that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism by which ideas, feelings, or memories that are too painful to deal with on a conscious level are banished to the unconscious
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rationalization
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defense mechanism in which an individual substitutes self-justifying excuses or explanations foor the real reasons for behaviors
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projection
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defense mechanism in which an individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptable impulses by attributing those impulses to someone else
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displacement
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defense mechanism in which a person diverts his or her impulse-driven behavior from a primary target to secondary targets that will arouse less anxiety
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sublimation
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form of the defense mechanism displacement in which impulse-driven behaviors are channeled toward producing a socially valued accomplishment
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regression
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defense mechanism in which an individual attempts to cope with an anxiety-producing situatin by retreating to an earlier stage of development
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reaction formation
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defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously replaces unacceptable impulses with their opposites
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Psychosis
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disturbances of thinking, reduced contact with reality, loss of ability to function socially, and other bizarre behaviors
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OCD
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anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted, and unshakable thoughts and/or irresistible habitual repeated actions.
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somatoform disorder
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class of disorders including somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, and conversion disorder that are manifested through somatic or physical symptoms
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hypochondriasis
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somatoform disorder in which the individual is excessively fearful of contracting a serious illness or of dying
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somatization disorder
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type of somatoform disorder characterized by multiple and recurrent physical symptoms that have no physical cause
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Social Learning Theory
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theory that empathizes the role of observation in learning
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Preconscious
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mental state describing thoughts and memories that exist on the fringe of awareness, and that can be readily brought into consciousness
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unconscious
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level of mental awareness describing ideas, feelings, and memories that cannot easily be brought into consciousness
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consciousness
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state of awareness or alertnes to proceses that are going on insede or outside one's own body
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anxiety disorders
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most prevalent disorders in the US
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Personality disorder
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diverse class of disorders that is characterized by inflexible and mal adaptive personality traits that cause either functional impairment or subjective distress
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Paranoid
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extreme and pervasive suspiciousness, mistrust, and envy of others, hypersisitivity and dificuty in getting along with others, restricted expression of emotion, inclided to avoid intimacy
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Schizoid
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very cold, aloof, and socially isolated; unable to form close relatinships, humorless; appears to be indifferent to praise or criticism
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Antisocial
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a continuous pattern of utter disregard for the rights of others and the rules of sociaity
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Narcissistic
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sense of self importance; preoccupied with fantasies of great achievements; childish demands for constant attention and special favors,; little empathy for others
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external locus of control
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believe that their own behavior doesn't matter much and that rewards in life are generally outside of their control
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internal locus of control
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believe that their own actions determine the rewards that they obtain
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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variety of developmental complications including spontaneous abortion, premature birth, infants born addicted to alcohol, and numerous developmental disabilities that are related to the mother’s use of alcohol during pregnancy
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Guliford
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belved any intellectual task could be analyzed in terms of 3 major intellectual functions- the mental operatioons that are used (how we think) the content (what we think about) and the products of applying a particularaperation to a particular content
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Sternberg
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practical intelligence- focus on how process information to solve problems intelligence doess nt necessarily equal speed
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Howard Gardner
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philophically agrees with Sternberg But proposes 7 kinds of intelligence, 3 normal, 4 new (musical, bodily, kinesthetic, inter/intra personal)
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Sir Cyril Burt
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twin studies showed intellegence was shot down when 2 of his "assistents" never existed
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Cooper and Zubek
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studied intelligence herdity in rats
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Weinburg
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genes dont fix behavior but establish a range of possible reactions to the range of possible experiences that environments can provide.
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Arthur Jenson
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said if IQ differences between individuals were gentically influencesd then it might also be true for races
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Lewis Terman
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defined intelligence as ability to think abstractly
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David Wechsler
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cnsidered intelligence the ability to think ratinally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
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Sir Francis Galton
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believed upper class were more intelligent, men were superior to women caucasions were superior to other races
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Alfred Binet
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coined the term "mental level" (mental age) came up with intellegence tests for French schools when education was ruled mandatory
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Wilhelm Stern
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mental age/chronological age x 100 = IQ
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Lewis Terman
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americanized Binet's test to Stanford Binet test
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David Wechsler
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made test for late adolecense to adulthood
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Charles Spearman
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structure of intelligence- factor analysis
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Thurstone
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criticized Spearman, believed measuring a person's intelligence would require measuring all 7 primary mental abilities
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