Psych Exam #3 Study Guide

Front 1

Prototype

Back 1

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.

Front 2

Problem Solving (Algorithm)

Back 2

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Front 3

Problem Solving (Heuristics)

Back 3

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; quicker than algorithms but more error prone

Front 4

Problem Solving Obstacles

Back 4

Confirmation bias, mental sets

Front 5

Representative Heuristic

Back 5

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Front 6

Representative Heurisitic

Back 6

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Front 7

Availability Heuristic

Back 7

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Front 8

Framing Effect

Back 8

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Front 9

Instincts

Back 9

Fixed pattern, unlearned, biological. The term has become to imprecise-its now a label and does NOT explain behavior

Front 10

Drive Reduction

Back 10

A physiological need (drive) has to be met (tension is raised - aversive). Seek optimal arousal rather than minimize arousal. Example- going for a walk when worried or restless.

Front 11

James-Lange Theory

Back 11

Experience emotion only AFTER we are aware of our physiological response.

Front 12

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 12

We experience emotion due to the SIMULTANEOUS occurrence of 2 factors: Physiological responses (sweaty palms, heart pounding) and Subjective experience (Feeling of Emotion like fear)

Front 13

Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Back 13

Emotion due to arousal, AND the ability to identify/label the cause of arousal: Physiological (heart pounding sweaty palms), Cognitive Labeling (Reason:its dark). The interaction then leads us to feel fear.

Front 14

Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Back 14

We can misattribute physiological arousal to the wrong emotion. (Adrenaline Experiment)

Front 15

Polygraph

Back 15

A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)

Front 16

Facial Feedback Phenomenon

Back 16

Expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states. (Happy Face, Happy Feelings)

Front 17

Behavior Feedback Effect

Back 17

Moving our bodies as we would when expressing emotion. (Happy Movements, Happy Feelings)

Front 18

Information Processing

Back 18

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Front 19

Information Processing

Back 19

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Front 20

Sensory Memory

Back 20

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Front 21

Short-term Memory

Back 21

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Front 22

Long-term Memory

Back 22

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Front 23

Working Memory

Back 23

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Front 24

Effortful vs. Automatic Processing

Back 24

Automatic processing includes the things you can't help but notice and remember while effortful processing is the act of rehearsal and trying to remember.

Front 25

Chunking

Back 25

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Front 26

Visual Encoding

Back 26

The encoding of picture images.

Front 27

Acoustic Encoding

Back 27

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Front 28

Semantic Encoding

Back 28

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Front 29

Iconic Memory

Back 29

Part of Sensory Memory; a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Front 30

Iconic Memory

Back 30

Part of Sensory Memory; a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Front 31

Implicit Memory

Back 31

retention independent of conscious recollection

Front 32

Explicit Memory

Back 32

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."

Front 33

Brain Regions

Back 33

Cerebellum-implicit
Hippocampus-explicit

Front 34

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 34

Loss of prior memory.

Front 35

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 35

Inability to form new memories. Hippocampus is damaged.

Front 36

Oral (stages of development)

Back 36

0-8 months, satisfaction via the mouth. fixation-easily taken in, or very sarcastic

Front 37

Anal

Back 37

18-36 months, satisfaction via the bladder and bowel. Fixation- control freak, stubborn.

Front 38

Phallic Stage

Back 38

3-6 years, satisfaction via the genitals, not sexuality. Learning to cope with incestuous feelings.

Front 39

Latency

Back 39

6 years to puberty, dormant stage

Front 40

Genital Stage (Puberty)

Back 40

Develops genuine love for others, adult sexual satisfaction, can relate to others. Form relationships with the opposite gender.

Front 41

Id

Back 41

Unconscious psychic energy, satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives.

Front 42

Ego

Back 42

The largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according Freud mediates among the demands of the Id, Superego, and reality.

Front 43

Superego

Back 43

Conscious and unconscious, societal ideals and morals, strives for perfection, the voice of your conscience.

Front 44

Ego-defense Mechanisms

Back 44

Repression, Regression, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization

Front 45

Trait

Back 45

A characteristic pattern or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Front 46

Spotlight Effect

Back 46

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.

Front 47

Self-Serving Bias

Back 47

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.