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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Piaget's process of assimilation and accommodation both involve what?
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Relating new information to prior knowledge
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A kindergartener use white crayon instead of chalk to draw on the chalkboard. This is an example of what?
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Piaget's concept of assimilation
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Central to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is the idea that children increasingly make better sense of the world by what?
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interacting with more experienced people who mediate their understandings
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Children develop, in part, by working on challenging tasks with assistance of more competent individuals. This statement most accurately describes this person's view of how cognitive development occurs. |
Vygotsky
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Kiley is having trouble learning the steps involved in using a microscope correctly. If we consider Vygotsky's description of how children help themselves through difficult tasks, we should suggest that Kiley does what?
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Talks herself through the steps
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Acquiring the cognitive tools of one's culture enables youngsters to what? And, who said this?
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live and work more effectively; Vygotsky
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Piaget's view of cognitive development can best be described as what? |
Discrete stages in which distinctly different forms of logical thought emerge
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According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, you should expect most or all third grade students to exhibit what stage of thinking?
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Concrete Operational
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Deductive reasoning is associated with what stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? |
Concrete Operational
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James says, "If everyone would just agree to get along with everyone else, then we wouldn't have any more wars." From Piaget's perspective, James is probably in what stage of development? |
Formal Operations
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Treating new schema using familiar associations is what? |
Piaget's concept of Assimilation
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Revising existing schemes or creating new schemes is called what?
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Piaget's concept of Accommodation
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Both Assimilation and Accommodation relates what to what?
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new info to prior knowledge (Piaget said this)
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Piaget suggested that children are often in a state of equilibrium. Define this term. |
State of being able to address new events with existing schemes
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Converse to children being able to address new events with existing schemes, Piaget posited that children are in a state of mental discomfort where they are unable to address new events with existing schemes; typically accompanied by some mental discomfort. |
Disequilibrium
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Name this stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Age: Birth-2 years old Focus on what they do and see (object permanence- toy disappears when put behind back) object permanence (toy disappears when put behind back) happens in this stage |
Sensorimotor Stage
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Name this stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development: Age: 2 until 6 or 7 Does not reason in logical adult like ways conservation (can’t tell if container has more liquid or not from same size cup) happens during this stage |
Preoperational Stage
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Name this stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development: Age: 6 or 7-11 or 12 [third through sixth grade] think logically not abstractly. deductive reasoning (draw logical inferences from information they are given) happens during this stage |
Concrete Operations Stage
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Name this stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development: Age: 11 or 12 through adulthood logical reasoning processes are applied to abstract ideas as well as concrete objects. |
Formal Operations Stage
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Vygotsky said adults exhibiting situationaly appropriate behavior; transmit culture; default is hard to hold onto is what?
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Code-switching
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Vygotsky said this is where a learner can perform with the help and guidance of others but cannot yet perform independently.
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ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)
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Vygotsky basically meant that Scaffolding is essentially what?
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Help |
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Vygotsky said that adult or knowledgeable person to make sense of the world (you and other people using brains to make sense of world) is what? |
Mediated Learning Experience
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Adapt to multiple situations, related to learning ability; use of prior knowledge; coordination of many different processes; seen in many different arenas; cultural specific. This is called what?
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Adaptive
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When you believe that you have the ability to change; look at momentary situations. Fixed Mindset – believe you are born stupid, because you failed a test. What kind of mindset is this?
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Growth Mindset
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What is the average IQ score?
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100
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This test shows that there are multiple different ways to solve problems.
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Test
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This is all about your perspective; you're reality; excuses; reasons we give for why things happen.
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Attributions
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Things learners can influence and change attribute to what?
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Controllability |
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If you think a classmate invited you to his birthday party because you always smile and say nice things to him, and if you think that you probably failed a test simply because you didn't study the right things, then you are attributing these events to what kinds of factors? |
Controllable (things that they [or perhaps someone else] can influence and change)
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If you think you were chosen for the lead in the school play only because you look right for the part or that you played a lousy game of basketball because you were sick, then you are attributing these events to what kinds of factors?
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Uncontrollable (things over which neither they nor others have influence)
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Learners sometimes attribute the causes of internal or external things to factors within or outside themselves (i.e. location). This is called what?
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Locus |
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Thinking about a good grade is due to your own hard work and believing that a poor grade is due to your lack of ability are examples of what kind of locus?
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Internal Attributions
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Concluding that you won a spelling bee only because you were asked to spell easy words and interpreting a classmate's scowl as a sign of her bad mood (rather than a response to something you might have done) are examples of what kind of locus? |
External Attributions
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Whether you think it will change over time or not attributes to what?
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Stability |
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If you believe that you will do well in science because of your innate intelligence or that you have trouble making friends because you're overweight, then you are attributing events to what kind of relatively long-term causes? |
Stable (things that probably won't change much in the future) |
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Thinking you won a tennis game because of a lucky break and believing you got a bad test grade because you were tired when you took the test are examples of attributions involving what kind of factors? |
Unstable (things that can change from one time to the next)
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This is a form of learning in which a new, involuntary response is acquired as a result of two stimuli being presented at the same time.
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Classical Conditioning |
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Dissect the story of Pavlov's dog. What is this an example of?
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Unconditional Stimulus: Food Unconditional Response: No Salvation Neutral Stimulus: Bell Conditioned Stimulus: Bell Conditioned Response: Salvation Example of Classical Conditioning |
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When people learn a conditioned response to a new stimulus, they may respond in the same way to similar stimuli--a phenomenon known as what?
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Generalization |
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A boy who learns to feel anxious about long division tasks may do what to the anxiety response to other aspects of mathematics |
Generalize
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This is known as the gradual disappearance of an acquired response; results from repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
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Extinction
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Reinforcement is more powerful than punishment(T or F)
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T |
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Who said "A response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus is more likely to occur again." Make this make sense. |
B.F. Skinner means that when something good happens, it is likely going to occur again.
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What the right thing to do is, or any consequence that increases the frequency of a particular behavior, whether or not other people find that consequence pleasant is known as what?
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Reinforcer |
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This is known as something that is suppose to make set behavior stop.
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Punishment
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This is known as the relationship between stimulus and response. |
Contingency |
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Defined as the way to motivate self; phenomenon in which learners do less-preferred activities in order to engage in more preferred activities.
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Pre-mack Principle |
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The process of reinforcing a series of responses that increasingly resemble the desired terminal behavior is known as what?
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Shaping |
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This is when teacher gives the impression of knowing what all students are doing at all times (like having eyes in the back of your head)
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withitness
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Known as "the look" or use of signals to indicate that a certain behavior is desired or that a certain behavior should stop.
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Cueing |
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Situation in which everyone in a group must make a particular response before reinforcement occurs (i.e. group is responsible for its behavior)
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Group Contingency |
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Technique in which desired behaviors are reinforced by tokens that learners can use to "purchase" a variety of other rein forcers |
Token Economy
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Making students accountable for their actions; loss either of a previously earned reinforce or of an opportunity to obtain reinforcement.
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Response Cost |
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Assessment that results from a teacher's spontaneous, day to day observations of how students preform in class. Name that assessment. |
Informal Assessment |
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Mitch asks, "How come people in Australia don't fall into space?" he reveals a misconception about gravity. And When Jaffa continually squints at the chalkboard, we might wonder if she needs an appointment with an eye doctor. These are examples of what?
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Informal Assessment |
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Preplanned, systematic attempt to ascertain what students know and can do. Name this assessment. |
Formal Assessment |
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This is an assessment in which students provide written responses to written items. |
Paper-pencil assessment |
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The assessment where teachers present questions to answers, topics to address, or problems to solve, and our students must write their responses on paper; show me what you can do (e.g. essay/multiple choice) |
Paper-pencil assessment |
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The assessment in which students demonstrate their knowledge and skills in a non-written fashion (e.g. make a model)
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Performance assessment |
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Giving an oral presentation is an example of what type of assessment?
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Performance assessment |
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The assessment that focuses on measuring basic knowledge and skills in relative isolation from tasks typical of the outside world (e.g. school)
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Traditional assessment |
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Spelling quizzes, mathematics word problems, and physical fitness tests are examples of what type of assessments?
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Traditional Assessments |
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The assessment of students' knowledge and skills in a context similar to one in the outside world (e.g. student teaching)
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Authentic assessment |
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This quality of a good assessment is to the extent to which an assessment yields consistent information about the knowledge, skills, or characteristics being assessed (e.g. consistent)
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Reliability |
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This quality of a good assessment is to the extent to which an assessment involves similar content and format and is administered and scored similarly for everyone, or consistent practices on a continuum.
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Standardization |
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This quality of a good assessment questions if the assessment is measuring what we think it is measuring and allows appropriate inferences about the characteristic or ability in question.
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Validity |
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This quality of a good assessment questions how easy it is for you to administer. |
Practicality |
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Excessive anxiety about a particular test is called what? |
Test anxiety |
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Test-taking know-how that enhances test performance. |
Testwiseness |
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This form of an assessment score is based solely on the number or point of value of correctly answered items. |
Raw score |
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This form of an assessment score indicates what a student knows or can do.
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Criterion-referenced score |
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This form of an assessment score indicates how a student's performance compares with the performance of others. |
Norm-referenced score |
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This test is designed to assess a general capacity to learn and used to predict future academic achievement. |
Scholastic aptitude test |
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This test is designed to predict future ability to succeed in a particular content domain. |
Specific aptitude test |
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This test assesses how much students have learned from what they have been specifically taught. |
Achievement |
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U.S. Legislation passed in 1974 that gives students and parents access to school records and limits others' access to those records. What is this called?
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Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) |
