Psych Chapter 11 Motivation And Emotion

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

concerns the physiological and psychological process underlying the initiation of behaviors that direct organisms toward specific goals

Front 2

Homeostasis

Back 2

the body's physiological process that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

Front 3

Drives

Back 3

the psychological triggers that tell us we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed, such as food

Front 4

Incentives (or goals)

Back 4

the stimuli we seek to reduce the drives such as social approval and companionship, food, water, and other needs

Front 5

Satiation

Back 5

the point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat

Front 6

Lateral hypothalamus

Back 6

may serve as the "on" switch for hunger

paraventricular nucleus also involved in on switch

Front 7

Ventromedial region

Back 7

appears to be the "off switch of the hypothalamus

Front 8

Glucose

Back 8

a sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body

Front 9

Insulin

Back 9

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps store the circulation of glucose for future use

Front 10

Glucostats

Back 10

can detect glucose levels in the fluid outside of the cell

Front 11

ghrelin

Back 11

a hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates stomach contractions and appetite

Front 12

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Back 12

communicates to the hypothalamus that it is time to stop eating

Front 13

Sucrose

Back 13

plain, white granulated sugar

can stimulate the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Front 14

unit bias

Back 14

the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume

Front 15

Social facilitation

Back 15

eating more than usual because it's encouraged and convenient

Front 16

Impression management

Back 16

eating less because of self-conscious reasons

they don't want to be perceived a certain way

Front 17

Modeling

Back 17

Eating as similar amount to everyone else

trying to be normal relative to the people around you

Front 18

Obesity

Back 18

a disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

Front 19

Anorexia nervosa

Back 19

an eating disorder that involves:

1. self-starvation

2. intense fear of weight gain and a distorted perception of severely low weight

3. a denial of the serious consequences of severely low weight

Front 20

Bulimia nervosa

Back 20

an eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge-eating, and purging

binging is followed by purging, fasting, laxative or diuretic use, or intense exercise

Front 21

Libido

Back 21

the motivation for sexual and pleasure

Front 22

Sexual response cycle

Back 22

describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity, which comprises four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Front 23

Refractory period

Back 23

a time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible

Front 24

Oxytocin

Back 24

is released during orgasms

plays a role in orgasm surge just after orgasm and may remain elevated for at least 5 minutes

Front 25

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

Back 25

the inability to achieve, or maintain an erection

usually caused by cardiovascular problems such as hypertension

Front 26

cybersex

Back 26

the use of the internet and computer equipment for sending sexually explicit images and messages to a partner

Front 27

Sexual orientation

Back 27

a consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex, same sex, or either sex

Front 28

Testosterone

Back 28

a hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and the motivation of sexual behavior

Front 29

Need to belong (affiliated motivation)

Back 29

the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each person's well being

Front 30

Terror management theory

Back 30

a psychological perspective asserting that the human fear of mortality motivates behavior, particularly those that preserve self-esteem and sense of belonging

Front 31

Anxiety buffers

Back 31

concepts and beliefs that prevent death-related anxiety

Front 32

Mortality salience

Back 32

an increase awareness of death with simple reminders

Front 33

Achievement motivation

Back 33

the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals

the need to compete with and outperform other individuals

Front 34

Mastery motives

Back 34

motives that reflect a desire to understand or overcome a challenge

ex. a desire to master a task

Front 35

Performance motives

Back 35

generally those motives that are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition

Front 36

Approach goals

Back 36

enjoyable and pleasant incentives that we are drawn toward, such as praise or financial award

Front 37

Avoidance goals

Back 37

unpleasant outcomes such as shame, embarrassment, or emotional pain, which we try to avoid

Front 38

Emotion

Back 38

a psychological experience involving three components

1. subjective thoughts and experiences with

2. accompanying patterns of physical arousal

3. characteristic behavioral expressions

Front 39

Autonomic nervous system

Back 39

which conveys information between the spinal cord and the blood vessels, glands, and smooth muscles of the body

maintains heart rate, respiration, and digestion

Front 40

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 40

which generally increases your energy and alertness to enable one to handle frightening or dangerous situations

involves increased heart rate, respiration, sweat, alertness, and dilated passages to lungs

Front 41

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 41

uses energy at a slower rate, brings heart rate and respiration back to resting rates

focuses on non-emergency tasks, such as digestion

Front 42

Microexpressions

Back 42

very subtle, nonverbal expressions usually with the face

Front 43

Amygdala

Back 43

involved in assessing and interpreting situations to determine which type of emotions are appropriate

connects the perception or interpretation of those situations to brain regions that stimulate the physiological responses requires for action

Front 44

fast pathway

Back 44

the body is readied for action before the stimulus is even fully perceived and interpreted

Front 45

slow pathway

Back 45

involves the conscious recognition of the stimulus and situation

Front 46

James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 46

our physiological reactions to stimuli precede and give rise to the emotional experience (the fear)

Front 47

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Back 47

emotions such as fear or happiness occur simultaneously with their physiological components

Front 48

Facial feedback hypothesis

Back 48

emotional expressions influence subjective emotional experiences, then the act of forming a facial expression should elicit the specific, corresponding emotion

Front 49

Two-factor theory of emotion (by Schachter)

Back 49

holds that patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attach to them form the basis of our emotional experiences

Front 50

Emotional dialects

Back 50

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

Front 51

Display rules

Back 51

refer to the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion

Front 52

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Back 52

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