Chapter 11: Emotion And Motivation

Front 1

The physiology of emotion (3)

Back 1

1. visceral arousal: triggered by the hypothalamus, leading to ANS arousal (fight or flight response)

- the way ANS impacts our body is related to the type of emotions we feel

2. limbic system: processes emotional experience and is responsible a wide rang of emotions

3. pre-frontal cortex: interprest emotional responses and gives them meaning

Front 2

What part of the pre-frontal cortex is associated with the experience of happiness?

Back 2

Left pre-frontal cortex

Front 3

What part of the limbic system is activated when we feel anger and fear?

Back 3

amygdala and septum - when destroyed, animal cannot learn conditioned fear response

Front 4

What part of the limbic system activates when we feel disgust?

Back 4

Insula

Front 5

Behavioural componenet of emotion (4)

Back 5

- facial expression: primary emotions )happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear and contempt

- happiness easiest to detect c(+ emotions easier to be recognized than -)

- discrete emotions theory

- facial feedback hypothesi

Front 6

What is the discrete emotions theory?

Back 6

all complex (secondary) emotions are based on the limited # of primary emotions

Front 7

What is the facial feed-back hypothesis

Back 7

facial muscles sen signals to the brain to help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing

Front 8

What are 2 nonverbal expressions of emotion?

Back 8

1. body language: gestures

2. personal space

Front 9

What are the 3 kinds of body language (gestures)

Back 9

1. illustrators: body movement that helps to accentuate or emphasize certain part of our speech

2. manipulators: gestures that involve one body part touching another, usually unconscious - tells people about our emotional state

3. emblems: hand gestures that convey meaning commonly understood by people from the same culture

Front 10

Personal space is influenced by

Back 10

personality, age and culture

Front 11

Difference between Duchenne and Pan-Am smile

Back 11

Duchenne = genuine smile

Pan Am = fake smile

Front 12

What is the Drive Reduction Theory? (3)

Back 12

- we are driven to maintians a state of homeostasis

- deprivation of biological needs disturbs homeostasis and creates tension

- we a motivated (driven) to eliminate that tension by fulfilling our biological needs

Front 13

What are 2 limitations of the drive reduction theory?

Back 13

1. cannot explain motivations that are not biologically based (thirst for beauty, knowledge or creativity)

2. assumes that we prefer a state of 0-tension, but research shows that humans generally prefer to live with certain amount of tension or arousal

Front 14

What are the 4 theories of motivation?

Back 14

1. Drive reduction theory

2. Arousal theory

3. Incentive theory

4. Maslow's hierarchical theory of needs

Front 15

What is the arousal theory?

Back 15

we all require a certain degree of arousal (or tension) in order to functional optimally and that individual diff. exist as to what constitutes optimal arousal -> each individual is continually motivated to maintain the level of arousal that is most optimal for them @ any given point in time

Front 16

What constitutes optimal arousal depends on: (2)

Back 16

1. the individual's physiology

2. complexity/difficulty of the task at hand

Front 17

Yerkes-Dodson Law states that

Back 17

all things being equal, the amount of arousal that is required for optimal performance for complex tasks tend to be lower than the amount of arousal required for optimal performance of simple (well learned) tasks

Front 18

Explain the incentive theory

Back 18

human motivation comes not from objective reality but from our subjective interpretation of reality

- motivation is controlled by (1) what we think we need or want (2) what we believe we can do to obtain what we need (3) what we anticipate will be the outcome of our efforts

- higher mental process the controls motivation (rather than physiological arousal or biological needs)

Front 19

What theory explains why we are often more motivated by imagined, future events rather than by genuine immediate circumstances?

Back 19

Incentive theory

Front 20

Maslow's hierarchical theory of needs believes

Back 20

1. motivation is based ona set of physiological and psychological needs

2. most powerful and healthy human need is self-actualization

3. before we can strive for self-actualiztion we must first fulfill a hierarchy of more basic needs

Front 21

What is self-actualization?

Back 21

our desire to grow ad to actualize our highest potentials

Front 22

1. The first 4 needs of maslow theory

2. What are they called?

3. why are they called this?

Back 22

1. biological, safety, attachment, esteem

2. deficiency needs

3. because failure to meet these needs threatens our basic survival and because we think of them only when we are deprived of them

Front 23

1. What are the next 4 needs of the maslow theory

2. what are they called?

3. why are they called this

Back 23

1. cognitive, esthetic, self-actualization, transendence

2. growth needs

3. because their fulfillment allows us to experience the fullness of life and the expression of our uniqueness as individuals

Front 24

According to Maslow's Hierarchical theory of needs, we leans the skills to fulfill our ___a_____ _______ during childhood and skill to fulfill our _____b_____ ___________ are acquired during adulthood

Back 24

a) deficiency needs

b) growth needs

Front 25

Maslow's theory is considered more philosophical then psychological. T or F?

Back 25

True

Front 26

What does research prove about Maslow's Hierarchical theory of needs?

Back 26

research shows that the theory is incorrect: we can be and often are, motivated by higher-level needs even though our lower level needs have not been fulfilled

Front 27

Mawlow's theory states that if a need cannot be fulfilled by a critical age then...

Back 27

we become fixated on that need until it is fulfilled before we can move onto the next level of needs

Front 28

The neurological factors of hunger and motivation for food?

Back 28

1. lateral hypothalamus (feeding centre)

2. ventromedial (lower middle) hypothalamus (satiety centre)

3. paraventricular hypothalamus (nucleus)

4. glucostats

5. vagus nerve

Front 29

Lateral hypothalamus role in hunger and motivation for food

Back 29

(neurological factor)

- gives rise to sensation of hunger, when destroyed or under-active, animal shows little interest in eating - even to point of starvation

Front 30

Ventromedial (lower middle) and hypothalamus (satiety centre) role in hunger a motivation for food

Back 30

(neurological factor)

gives rise to sensation of fullness - when destroyed/under-active animal excessively eats and gains weight

Front 31

Paraventricular (PVN) hypothalamus (nucleus) role in hunger and motivation for food

Back 31

(neurological factor)

processes # of eating related neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA and neuropeptide Y)

Front 32

1.When stimulated by serotonin PVN will...

2. when stimulated by neuropeptide Y...

Back 32

1.will send signals to other parts of the brain to inhibit carbohydrate consumption

2. will do the opposite ^

Front 33

Glucostats role in hunger and motivation for food

Back 33

glucostats, a type or neuron found in the liver - sensitive to glucose level in bklood - signal hunger when blood sugar level is low (glucostatic theory)

Front 34

Vagus nerve role in hunger and motivation for food

Back 34

1. carries glucostatic signals from liver to hypothalamus

2. sends signal from stomach to brain to signal fullness and inhibit eating

Front 35

Hormonal factors influencing hunger and motivation for food

Back 35

1. insulin

2. leptin

3. set point

Front 36

Insulin effect on hunger and motivation for food (4)

Back 36

- secreted by pancreas

- helps cells extract glucose from blood

- can cause sensation of hunger

- sight and smell of food can trigger secretion of insulin

Front 37

Leptin effect on hunger and motivation for food (3)

Back 37

- produced by fat cells in the body

- provides hypothalamus with fat cell level in body

- higher level of leptin than a person's set point inhibits release of neuropeptide Y (decreases desire for food)

Front 38

Set point effect on hunger and motivation for food

Back 38

- natural point of fat cell stability

- determined genetically

- when amount of fat in body falls below set point we feel hungry

- long term excessive eating can increases one's set point (once increased almost impossible to decrease)

Front 39

Environmental/cognitive factors on hunger and motivation for food

Back 39

1. learned preferences

2. food-related cues (internal-external theory)

3. unrealistic expectations

Front 40

Define learned preferences

Back 40

through observational learning, how much food and what food are preferred

Front 41

What are food-related cues?

Back 41

learning throughout life, acquired through process of classical conditioning

- internal-external theory: obesity is partly cause by over-reliance of external cues to guide eating behaviour and under reliance on internal cues

Front 42

Internal vs external cues, what are then?

Back 42

Internal: fullness

External: smell, taste, time of day, social situation

Front 43

Define unrealistic expectations:

Back 43

ironically, over-eaters tend to set unrealistic food rules thus setting themselves up for failure and a "fat-thin" eating cycle which ultimately leads to weight gain

ex: keeping body fat below their set ponit, avoiding unhealthy foods that the like