Psych. Chap. 3 And 4

Front 1

Developmental psychologists

Back 1

study physiological and cognitive changes across the life span and on socialization.

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Socialization

Back 2

the process by which children learn the attitudes and behaviors expected of them by society.

Front 3

maturation

Back 3

the unfolding of genetically influenced behavior and physical characteristics. (A baby's development, before and after birth)

Front 4

Three stages of prenatal development:

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Germinal, the embryonic, and the fatal

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germinal stage

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begins at fertilization, when the male sperm unites with the female ovum (egg). lasts about 2 weeks.

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Zygote

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the fertilized single-celled egg

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Embryonic stage

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lasts until the 8th week after conception.

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Fetal stage

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The organism is now called a fetus, which develops the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary form in the embryonic stage.

Front 9

Harmful influences during pregnancy

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x-rays or other radiation and toxic chemicals such as lead or mercury, sexually transmitted diseases, cigarette smoking, consumption of alcohol, and drugs.

Front 10

motor reflexes

Back 10

automatic behaviors that are necessary for survival.

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rooting

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when an infiant touched on the cheek or corner of the mouth will turn toward the touch and search for something to suck on.

Front 12

contact comfort

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pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of an infant's first attachment.

Front 13

seperation anxiety

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between 6 and 8 months of age babies become wary or fearful of strangers. They wail if they're put in an unfamiliar setting or are left with an unfamiliar person.

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securely attached

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they cry or protest if the mother leaves the room; they welcome her back and then play happily again. (more attached to mother than stranger).

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insecurely attached

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three types: avoidant, anxious, and ambivalent.

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Avoidant

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- not caring if the mother leaves the room, making little effort with her on her return, and treating the stranger the same as the mother.

Front 17

anxious and ambivalent

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resisting contact with the mother at reunion but protesting loudly if she leaves.

Front 18

Factors that promote insecure attachment:

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Abandonment and deprivation in the first 2 yrs of life.
parenting thats abusive, neglectful, or erratic because the parent is chronically irresposible or depressed.
the child's own genetically influenced temperament.
changing, stressful circumstances in the child's family.

Front 19

Parentese

Back 19

baby talk

Front 20

Telegraphic speech

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A child's first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words. (ex: "here toy")

Front 21

Language acquisition device

Back 21

An innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they're exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation.

Front 22

children in diff. cultures go through similar stages of linguistic development

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using negatives. ex: first neg- "no get dirty." second neg- "nobody dont like me."

Front 23

Children combine words in ways that adults never would

Back 23

"go store!" "daddy taked me"

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Adults dont:

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consistently correct their children's syntax, yet children learn to speak or sign correctly anyway.

Front 25

children who aren't exposed to adult language:

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May invent a language of their own.

Front 26

Critical period in language development

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during the first years of life children that aren't exposed to language, rarely speak normally or catch up grammatically.

Front 27

Assimilate

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new info into their existing mental categories. ex:a German shepherd and a terrier both fit the category dogs.

Front 28

Accommodate

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changing their mental categories to accommodate their new experiences. ex:a cat doesn't fit the category dogs and a new category is required, one for cats.

Front 29

Four stages of cognitive development:

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Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, Concrete operations stage, and The formal operations stage.

Front 30

Sensorimotor stage

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(birth to age 2) Infant learns through concrete actions: looking, touching, hearing, putting things in the mouth, sucking and grasping.

Front 31

Object permanence

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(major accomplishment during the sensorimotor stage) the understanding that something continues to exist even if you cant see it or touch it.

Front 32

Preoperational stage

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(ages 2 to 7) The use of symbols and language accelerates.

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Egocentric

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Preoperational children cant take another person's point of view. They only see the world from their own frame of reference and cant imagine that others see things differently.

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Conservation

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(preoperational children cant grasp the concept of conservation). The notion that physical properties do not change when their forms or appearances change.

Front 35

Concrete operations stage

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(ages 7 to 12) Children have developed significantly and have overcome some of their earlier limitations. They're able to take other people's perspectives and they make fewer logical errors.

Front 36

Formal operations stage

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(ages 12 through adulthood) Teenagers become capable of abstract reasoning.

Front 37

Power assertion

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A method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child's misbehavior.The parent uses physical force, threats, insults, or other kinds of power to get the child to obey.

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Induction

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In which the parent appeals to the child's own abilities, empathy, helpful nature, affection for others, and sense of responsibility. ex: "you made bob cry; it's not nice to bite" "you better be nice or you wont get dessert"

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Authoritative

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giving emotional support and listening to the child's concerns and wishes, but they also require good behavior. They're highly involved with their children's lives.

Front 40

Authoritarian or permissive

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letting children do anything they want, or being uninvolved or unconcerned.

Front 41

Self regulation

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Children of authoritative parents have the ability to to control and modify their impulses, thoughts and feelings, than do children of parents who rely on power assertion.

Front 42

Gender identity

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A child's sense of being male or female, of belonging to one sex and not the other.

Front 43

Gender typing

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The process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture.

Front 44

Intersex conditions

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Chromosomal or hormonal anomalies cause the child to be born with ambiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict with the infants chromosomes. (A child who is genetically male might be born with androgen insensitivity, a condition that causes the external genitals to appear to be female).

Front 45

transgender

Back 45

people who dont fit comfortably into the usual categories of male and female, masculine and feminine.

Front 46

transsexual

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feeling that they're male in a female body or vice versa.

Front 47

Gender schema

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A mental network of beliefs and expectations about what it means to be male or female and about what each sex is supposed to wear, do, feel, and thnk.

Front 48

Adolescence

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refers to the period of development between puberty and adulthood.

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Puberty

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The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.

Front 50

Menarche

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The onset of menstruation, are sings of sexual maturity.

Front 51

Prefrontal cortex

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(Changes occur there). it's responsible for impulse control and planning, and the limbic system, which is involved in emotional processing.

Front 52

Problems during adolescence

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Conflict with parents, mood swings, and depression, and higher rates of reckless, rule breaking and risky behavior.

Front 53

1. Trust vs mistrust

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Challege that occurs during the baby's first year, when the baby depends on others to provide food, comfort, cuddling, and warmth.

Front 54

2. Autonomy (independence) vs shame and doubt

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Young child is learning to be independent and must do so without feeling too ashamed or uncertain about his or her actions.

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3. Initiative vs guilt

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Acquiring new physical and mental skills, setting goals, and enjoying newfound talents but must also learn to control impulses.

Front 56

4. Competence vs inferiorilty

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Children who are learning to make things, use tools, and acquire the skills for adult life.

Front 57

5. Identity vs role confusion

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when teenagers must decide who they are, what they are going to do, and what they hope to make of their lives.

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6. Intimacy vs isolation

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once you have decided who you are, you must share yourself with another and learn to make commitments.

Front 59

7. Generativity vs stagnation

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selfishness? or creativity and renewal? parenthood is the most common means for the successful resolution at this stage.

Front 60

8. Ego integrity vs despair

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people strive to reach the ultimate goals- wisdom, spiritual tranquility, and acceptance of their lives.

Front 61

The transitions of life

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Emerging Adulthood, The middle years, and Old age.

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Emerging adulthood

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between the ages 18 and 25. are in college and atleast partly dependent financially on their parents.

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Middle years

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Between 35 and 65. A time of the greatest psychological well being, good health, productivity, and community involvement.

Front 64

Menopause

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Occus between ages 45 and 55, is the censation of mentruation after the ovaries stop producing estrogen and progestorone.

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Old age

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People over the age of 85. Various aspects of intelligence, memory, and other forms of mental functioning decline significantly with age.

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Fluid intelligence

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The capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems.

Front 67

Crystallized intelligence

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Consists of knowledge and skills that are built up over a lifetime, the kind of intelligence that gives us the ability to do arithmetic, define words, or take political positions.

Front 68

Central Nervous system

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the portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It receivese, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory info.- info. about tastes, sounds, smells, color, pressure on the skin, the taste of internal organ, and so forth.

Front 69

Spinal cord

Back 69

An extension of the brain.

Front 70

Spinal Reflexes

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Automatic behaviors, requiring no conscious effort, produced by the spinal cord without brain involvement. ex: touching a hot iron, you will immediately pull your hand away, even bfore your brain has had a chance to register what has happened.

Front 71

Peripheral nervous system

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All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves.

Front 72

Sensory nerves

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carry messages from special receptors in the skin, muscles, and other internal and external sense organs to the spinal cord, which sends them along the brain.

Front 73

Motor nerves

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Carry orders from the central nervous system to muscles, glands, and internal organs.

Front 74

Peripheral nervous system into two parts:

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The somatic (bodily) nervous system and the automatic (self-governing) nervous system.

Front 75

Somatic nervous system

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sometimes called the skeletal nervous system, consists of nerves that are connected to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles that permit voluntary actions. (when you feel a bug on your arm, or when you turn off a light or write your name)

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Automatic nervous system

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Regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. (when you see someone you have a crush on and your heart pounds, your hands get sweaty)

Front 77

Overregulazation

Back 77

Adding t or d sounds to make a verbe past tense.

Front 78

what are the influences on gender development

Back 78

biological, cognitive, and learning influences.

Front 79

Erikson

Back 79

he described the stages of life.