Ethics And Psych Set 4

Front 1

Why do psychologists violate ethics principles?

Back 1

-Might be because principles are vaguely worded
-Might be the psychologist’s perception that violating the code will satisfy even higher moral values

Front 2

When laws and values conflict

Back 2

-57% of psychologists said that they intentionally broke a law or formal ethical principle for the client’s welfare or other deeper value
*9% of these instances involved engaging in sex with a client
-73% said they would do it again if the circumstances were the same
-77% believed that psychologists should sometimes violate standards

Front 3

Common thinking errors in clinical judgment (Haferkamp, 2005)

Back 3

-Confirmation bias
-Trait negativity bias
-Availability and representativeness heuristics
-Illusory correlation
-Fundamental attribution error

Front 4

The role of emotion in moral judgment (Greene, et al., 2001)

Back 4

-fMRI results found differential brain activity when comparing moral-personal and moral-impersonal dilemmas
-Also found significant differences in reaction time for moral-personal dilemmas

Front 5

The Beliefs and Behaviors of Psychologists as Therapists (Pope, Tabachnick, & Keith-Spiegel, 1987)

Back 5

Major findings
-Psychologists’ behavior was generally in accordance with their ethical beliefs
-Informal networks of colleagues were viewed as the most effective source of guidance
-Ethics code and Ethics committee were also highly valued resources

Front 6

Ethical ambiguities in the practice of child psychology

Back 6

Major findings:
-Generally, the younger the client, the greater the leniency when evaluating the propriety of the specified practice
-Individual uncertainty high in forensic practices
-Group variability high in clinical boundary issues and confidentiality
-Situational variability high in clinical boundary issues and professional relationship issues

Front 7

Perspectives on culture and ethics(Knapp & VandeCreek, 2007)

Back 7

-Ethical universalism
-Moral relativism
-Soft universalism

Front 8

Perspectives on culture and ethics(Knapp & VandeCreek, 2007)

Back 8

-Beliefs Vary Within the Same Culture
-Cultures Change Over Time
-Apparent Cultural Conflicts Are Often Similar to Ethical Conflicts With European-American Patients

Front 9

Responding to conflicts in cultural beliefs(Knapp & VandeCreek, 2007)

Back 9

-Clarify values through respectful dialogue
-Use principle-based ethics to balance conflicting moral obligations

Front 10

Malpractice & Licensing Pitfalls for Therapists (Caudill)

Back 10

-Excessive or inappropriate self-disclosure
-Business relationships with patients
-Using techniques without proper training
-Using incorrect diagnosis deliberately
-Avoiding the medical model
-The “true love” exception for sexual relationships
-Inadequate notes

Front 11

Malpractice & Licensing Pitfalls for Therapists (Caudill) (cont...)

Back 11

-Failure to obtain an adequate history
-Uncritically accepting what a patient says
-Use of inappropriate “syndromes”
-Out of office contact
-Failure to obtain peer consultation

Front 12

Ethical decision making (Tymchuk et al., 1982) -Major Findings

Back 12

Major findings:
-Vignettes about confidentiality issues, moral issues involving the male therapist-female client relationship, and standards for growth groups had strong consensus
-Vignettes about test scrutiny and interpretation, research activities, and fees had the weakest consensus

Front 13

Ethical decision making (Tymchuk et al., 1982) -Conclusions

Back 13

Conclusions:
-Ethical decision making is easier when professional/legal standards exist and when the issues are current and related to the therapist-client relationship
-Psychologists have more difficulty agreeing on treatment issues that may be closely intertwined with clinical orientation or on issues that are not in the forefront of the discipline

Front 14

Ethical dilemmas in psychological practice (Haas, Malouf, & Mayerson, 1986)

Back 14

Major findings:
-There was high agreement ( > 75%) on what to do in only 3 of the 10 vignettes
-None of the ethical issues were reported as more than occasionally a concern
-11 of the 17 ethical issues were rated as fairly serious or extremely serious by > 50% of respondents
-Modal number of hours in formal education (e.g., graduate coursework and CE courses) was zero
-Discussions with colleagues and graduate education rated as most useful in ethics issues