Psych Test Bank 1 Chapter 4

Front 1

At about eight months of age, people across the world start to ________ strangers; as adults, they prefer the company of those whose attributes are ________ to their own.

A) fear; similar

B) enjoy; different

C) fear; different

D) enjoy; similar

Back 1

A) fear; similar

Front 2

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, in an aspect of our

A) temperament.

B) gender schema.

C) environment.

D) personal space.

Back 2

C) environment.

Front 3

A behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on

A) skin color.

B) sexual anatomy.

C) physical attractiveness.

D) personality traits.

Back 3

D) personality traits.

Front 4

A human sperm cell contains

A) 23 chromosomes.

B) 23 genes.

C) 46 chromosomes.

D) 46 genes.

Back 4

A) 23 chromosomes.

Front 5

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called

A) genes.

B) schemas.

C) teratogens.

D) neurotransmitters.

Back 5

A) genes.

Front 6

Identical twins originate from the fertilization of

A) a single egg cell by a single sperm cell.

B) two egg cells by a single sperm cell.

C) a single egg cell by two sperm cells.

D) two egg cells by two sperm cells.

Back 6

A) a single egg cell by a single sperm cell.

Front 7

Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same

A) placenta.

B) reproductive capacity.

C) norms.

D) gender schemas.

Back 7

D) gender schemas.

Front 8

Dante is healthier than his twin brother because he developed with a better placental barrier against viruses. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on development.

A) temperament

B) gender schemas

C) prenatal environment

D) genetic predispositions

Back 8

C) prenatal environment

Front 9

Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are ________ similar in neuroticism and ________ similar in risk of divorcing.

A) more; less

B) less; more

C) more; more

D) less; less

Back 9

D) less; less

Front 10

The personalities of adopted children

A) are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive families.
B) are very similar to the personalities of their biologically related siblings.
C) are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents.
D) are more similar to the personalities of their caregiving adoptive parents than to the personalities of their biological parents.

Back 10

C) are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents.

Front 11

Research most clearly suggests that personality traits are more strongly influenced by

A) genes than by home environment.

B) home environment than by genes.

C) genes than by peers.

D) home environment than by peers.

Back 11

D) home environment than by peers.

Front 12

An infant's temperament refers most directly to its

A) ability to learn.

B) social connectedness.

C) emotional excitability.

D) physical health.

Back 12

C) emotional excitability.

Front 13

The labels “easy,” “difficult,” and “slow-to-warm-up” are used to refer to differences in an infant's

A) gender schema.

B) personal space.

C) temperament.

D) gender typing.

Back 13

C) temperament.

Front 14

A child's temperament is likely to be

A) difficult to observe.

B) stable over time.

C) a product of parenting style.

D) a reflection of his or her gender schema.

Back 14

B) stable over time.

Front 15

To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of

A) the pruning process.

B) gender schemas.

C) gender typing.

D) twin studies.

Back 15

D) twin studies.

Front 16

The unique temperaments of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture.

A) evolution

B) interaction

C) heritability

D) independence

Back 16

B) interaction

Front 17

People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates

A) the impact of temperament on gender identity.
B) that gender schemas and social roles are complementary.
C) the interaction of nature and nurture.
D) the reciprocal influence of norms and roles.

Back 17

C) the interaction of nature and nurture.

Front 18

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of

A) social learning theory.

B) gender typing.

C) temperament.

D) natural selection.

Back 18

D) natural selection.

Front 19

The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as

A) self-regulation.

B) behavior genetics.

C) natural selection.

D) collectivism.

Back 19

C) natural selection.

Front 20

Compared with females, males use conversation to

A) explore relationships.

B) communicate solutions.

C) obtain feedback on their views.

D) offer support.

Back 20

B) communicate solutions.

Front 21

When looking for someone to whom they can confide their personal worries, women usually turn to ________ and men usually turn to ________.

A) men; men

B) women; men

C) women; women

D) men; women

Back 21

C) women; women

Front 22

A human egg contains ________ chromosome and a human sperm contains ________ chromosome

.
A) a Y; either an X or a Y

B) either an X or a Y; an X

C) an X; either an X or a Y

D) either an X or a Y; a Y

Back 22

C) an X; either an X or a Y

Front 23

Female children are more likely to act like tomboys if they were exposed to excess ________ during their prenatal development.

A) DNA.

B) testosterone.

C) endorphins.

D) ovarian hormones.

Back 23

B) testosterone.

Front 24

An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence, the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity.

A) wanted to kiss; accepted

B) wanted to kiss; did not accept

C) wanted no part of kissing; accepted

D) wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

Back 24

D) wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

Front 25

Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a

A) norm.

B) role.

C) schema.

D) temperament.

Back 25

B) role.

Front 26

Gender role refers to

A) one's biological sex.

B) a sense of being male or female.

C) a set of expected behaviors for males and females.

D) a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual.

Back 26

C) a set of expected behaviors for males and females.

Front 27

When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not supposed to cry. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of

A) temperament.

B) gender roles.

C) testosterone.

D) collectivism.

Back 27

B) gender roles.

Front 28

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from

A) cultural influence.

B) a pruning process.

C) personal space.

D) individualism.

Back 28

A) cultural influence.

Front 29

Gender identity refers to

A) one's biological sex.
B) the sense of being male or female.
C) the set of expected behaviors for males and for females.
D) how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

Back 29

B) the sense of being male or female.

Front 30

A boy who consistently exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates the impact of

A) neuroticism.

B) collectivism.

C) the X chromosome.

D) gender typing.

Back 30

D) gender typing.

Front 31

Social learning theorists emphasize that

A) observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
B) children will exhibit only those gender-typed behaviors for which they have been directly rewarded.
C) children will not learn gender-typed behaviors if the same-sex parent is absent from the home.
D) all of these statements are true.

Back 31

A) observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.

Front 32

Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best illustrates their use of

A) the pruning process.

B) behavior genetics.

C) gender schemas.

D) the male answer syndrome.

Back 32

C) gender schemas.

Front 33

Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

A) collectivism.

B) individualism.

C) natural selection.

D) a biopsychosocial approach.

Back 33

D) a biopsychosocial approach.

Front 34

Those who suggest that choices we make today determine what our future will be like are emphasizing the importance of

A) behavior genetics.

B) human responsibility.

C) personal space.

D) collectivism.

Back 34

B) human responsibility.