Psych Test Bank 1 Chapter 16

Front 1

Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

A) developmental psychology

B) social psychology

C) personality psychology

D) clinical psychology

Back 1

B) social psychology

Front 2

Attribution theory was designed to account for

A) the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.
B) the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior.
C) the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations.
D) how people explain others' behavior.

Back 2

D) how people explain others' behavior.

Front 3

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

A) the bystander effect.
B) deindividuation.

C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

D) a dispositional attribution.

Back 3

D) a dispositional attribution.

Front 4

The fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by

A) genetics.

B) assigned roles.

C) their level of motivation.

D) personality traits.

Back 4

B) assigned roles.

Front 5

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

A) norms and roles

B) superordinate goals

C) belief-based feelings

D) dispositional attributions

Back 5

C) belief-based feelings

Front 6

Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that

A) a pooling of efforts toward a common goal contributes to social loafing.
B) the presence of others interferes with individual performance on difficult tasks.
C) actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.
D) group discussion enhances a group's prevailing attitudes.

Back 6

C) actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.

Front 7

The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

C) mere exposure effect.

D) frustration-aggression principle.

Back 7

B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Front 8

After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch “Be a Safe Driver” sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive “Drive Carefully” sign in their front yards. This best illustrates

A) the chameleon effect.
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

C) the fundamental attribution error.

D) social facilitation.

Back 8

B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Front 9

The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n)

A) ingroup bias.

B) attribution.

C) attitude.

D) role.

Back 9

D) role.

Front 10

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of

A) team membership on social loafing.
B) self-disclosure on conciliation.

C) frustration on aggression.

D) role-playing on attitudes.

Back 10

D) role-playing on attitudes.

Front 11

The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

A) cognitive dissonance.

B) implicit prejudice.

C) deindividuation.

D) social loafing.

Back 11

A) cognitive dissonance.

Front 12

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

A) group polarization.

B) the chameleon effect.

C) social facilitation.

D) social loafing.

Back 12

B) the chameleon effect.

Front 13

We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates

A) the mere exposure effect.

B) mood linkage.

C) the reciprocity norm.

D) mirror-image perceptions.

Back 13

B) mood linkage.

Front 14

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

A) the reciprocity norm.

B) peripheral route persuasion.

C) social loafing.

D) conformity.

Back 14

D) conformity.

Front 15

Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of

A) altruism.

B) visual perception.

C) learning.

D) aggression.

Back 15

B) visual perception.

Front 16

Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if

A) he has publicly voiced his opinion on this issue.
B) there is obvious disagreement among team players regarding the issue.
C) he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
D) there are very few team members whom he currently wants to befriend.

Back 16

C) he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.

Front 17

After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of

A) normative social influence.
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

C) social facilitation.

D) informational social influence.

Back 17

D) informational social influence.

Front 18

A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage

A) nonconformity.

B) ingroup bias.

C) groupthink.

D) superordinate goals.

Back 18

A) nonconformity.

Front 19

Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

A) play the role of the prison guards.
B) write an essay supporting a position they didn't believe in.
C) deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.
D) participate in a team tug-of-war by pulling on a rope as hard as they could.

Back 19

C) deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers.

Front 20

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

A) the “learners” made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances.
B) the “teachers” actually enjoyed shocking another person.
C) the “teachers” were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
D) the “learners” obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest.

Back 20

C) the “teachers” were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

Front 21

The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the

A) “teachers” actually seemed to enjoy shocking the “learners.”
B) “learners” received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems.
C) experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research.
D) “teachers” were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

Back 21

D) “teachers” were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.

Front 22

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that

A) people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive.
B) even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.
C) the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives.
D) people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something.

Back 22

B) even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

Front 23

Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

A) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
B) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
C) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
D) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

Back 23

B) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.

Front 24

Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates

A) social facilitation.

B) group polarization.

C) the bystander effect.

D) the mere exposure effect.

Back 24

A) social facilitation.

Front 25

Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

A) perform a complex task more poorly when others are present.
B) exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.
C) exert less effort when they are paid by the hour, not by the amount of work completed.
D) become more distracted from their tasks when working with friends than when working with strangers.

Back 25

B) exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.

Front 26

University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates

A) social loafing.

B) the chameleon effect.

C) group polarization.

D) social facilitation.

Back 26

A) social loafing.

Front 27

Deindividuation refers to

A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior.
C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.

Back 27

C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Front 28

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called

A) group polarization.

B) social facilitation.

C) ingroup bias.

D) the mere exposure effect.

Back 28

A) group polarization.

Front 29

Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of

A) social facilitation.

B) the fundamental attribution error.

C) group polarization.

D) deindividuation.

Back 29

C) group polarization.

Front 30

A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit

A) groupthink.

B) cognitive dissonance.

C) social facilitation.

D) superordinate goals.

Back 30

A) groupthink.

Front 31

Prejudice is best defined as

A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group.
B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.

Back 31

B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.

Front 32

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

A) superordinate goals.

B) situational attributions.

C) stereotypes.

D) social norms.

Back 32

C) stereotypes.

Front 33

Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often

A) triggered by deindividuation.

B) a response to frustration.

C) unconscious.

D) unlearned.

Back 33

C) unconscious.

Front 34

Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of

A) deindividuation.

B) implicit attitudes.

C) group polarization.

D) mirror-image perceptions.

Back 34

B) implicit attitudes.

Front 35

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying

A) group polarization.

B) deindividuation.

C) the bystander effect.

D) social inequalities.

Back 35

D) social inequalities.

Front 36

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates

A) the just-world phenomenon.

B) ingroup bias.

C) the fundamental attribution error.

D) scapegoating.

Back 36

B) ingroup bias.

Front 37

Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of

A) the chameleon effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.

C) the scapegoat theory.

D) the reciprocity norm.

Back 37

C) the scapegoat theory.

Front 38

In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. This reaction is best explained in terms of

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the bystander effect.

C) the scapegoat theory.

D) the mere exposure effect.

Back 38

A) the just-world phenomenon.

Front 39

Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression.

A) proximity

B) deindividuation

C) genetic influences

D) the bystander effect

Back 39

C) genetic influences

Front 40

After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the

A) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B) fundamental attribution error.

C) bystander effect.

D) frustration-aggression principle.

Back 40

D) frustration-aggression principle.

Front 41

Ostracism has been observed to intensify

A) self-disclosure.

B) aggression.

C) hindsight bias.

D) deindividuation.

Back 41

B) aggression.

Front 42

Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

A) implicit prejudice.

B) the other-race effect.

C) modeling violence.

D) the mere exposure effect.

Back 42

C) modeling violence.

Front 43

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves

A) acquiring social scripts.
B) role-playing aggression.

C) desensitization to violence.

D) priming aggressive thoughts.

Back 43

B) role-playing aggression.

Front 44

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion.
C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request.
D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.

Back 44

D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.

Front 45

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the mere exposure effect.

C) mirror-image perceptions.

D) the bystander effect.

Back 45

B) the mere exposure effect.

Front 46

People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their

A) feelings of popularity.

B) level of earned income.

C) frequency of dating.

D) self-esteem.

Back 46

D) self-esteem.

Front 47

In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to

A) the bystander effect.
B) the mere exposure effect.

C) passionate love.

D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Back 47

C) passionate love.

Front 48

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as

A) altruism.

B) self-disclosure.

C) companionate love.

D) the mere exposure effect.

Back 48

C) companionate love.

Front 49

Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of

A) equity.

B) proximity.

C) passionate love.

D) self-disclosure.

Back 49

A) equity.

Front 50

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of

A) passionate love.

B) social facilitation.

C) self-disclosure.

D) the mere exposure effect.

Back 50

C) self-disclosure.

Front 51

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on

A) altruism.
B) the mere exposure effect.

C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography.

Back 51

A) altruism.

Front 52

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.

C) the just-world phenomenon.

D) the bystander effect.

Back 52

D) the bystander effect.

Front 53

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

A) ingroup bias.

B) just-world phenomenon.

C) superordinate goal.

D) social-responsibility norm.

Back 53

D) social-responsibility norm.

Front 54

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

A) the reciprocity norm.

B) deindividuation.

C) GRIT.

D) mirror-image perceptions.

Back 54

D) mirror-image perceptions.

Front 55

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

A) the other-race effect

B) implicit prejudice

C) deindividuation

D) interracial contact

Back 55

D) interracial contact

Front 56

Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by

A) ingroup bias.

B) group polarization.

C) superordinate goals.

D) the mere exposure effect.

Back 56

C) superordinate goals.

Front 57

Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop

A) mirror-image perceptions.

B) ingroup bias.

C) a win-win solution.

D) GRIT.

Back 57

C) a win-win solution.