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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What part of the brain is used for executive functions?
A) parietal lobes B) frontal lobes C) temporal lobes D) occipital lobes |
B) frontal lobes |
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What part of the brain registers and processes body touch and movement?
A) temporal lobes B) the amygdala C) occipital lobes D) sensory cortex |
D) sensory cortex |
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What part of the brain is involved in processing emotional reactions?
A) amygdala B) occipital lobes C) motor cortex D) parietal lobes |
A) amygdala |
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What type of study measures brain waves?
A) TMS B) MRI C) PET D) EEG |
D) EEG |
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Which of the following types of studies requires the injection or ingestion of radioactive material?
A) PET B) MRI C) EEG D) TMS |
A) PET |
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Which of the following types of studies temporarily disrupts local neuronal activity?
A) PET B) EEG C) fMRI D) TMS |
D) TMS |
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Which type of study is used to detect changes in blood flow or cerebral metabolism in the brain?
A) PET B) EEG C) fMRI D) TMS |
C) fMRI |
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The ___________ has been called the “index of memory” and is largely responsible for converting information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
A) amygdala B) hippocampus C) motor cortex D) occipital lobe |
B) hippocampus |
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Lindsay is watching the classic film Old Yeller and is struck with grief when she recollects the passing of her own dog. Which of the following brain areas would show the most activity during this recollection?
A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Sensory cortex D) Fusiform gyrus |
A) Amygdala |
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The sins of transience, absent-mindedness, misattribution, and suggestibility are all associated with which area of the brain?
A) Occipital lobe B) Amygdala C) Frontal lobe D) Hippocampus |
C) Frontal lobe |
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Which of the following statements best describes the advantage of the fMRI over the PET scan?
A) The fMRI is significantly less expensive. B) The fMRI produces great spatial localization. C) Data and analyses are not as complex compared to the PET scan. D) All of the above. |
B) The fMRI produces great spatial localization. |
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Which part of the memory process is most affected by attention?
A) encoding B) storage C) retrieval D) processing |
A) encoding |
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What is the cocktail party effect?
A) the difficulty experienced in encoding new memories when under the influence of alcohol B) the ability to focus on one conversation when several are going on simultaneously C) the interference that produces an inability to remember names when too many are presented in rapid succession, such as at a party D) the retention of many more memories when experiencing a stimulating environment |
B) the ability to focus on one conversation when several are going on simultaneously |
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What was shown in the cellphone experiment by Strayer and Johnson?
A) listening to the radio while driving is as disruptive as talking on a cellphone B) talking on a cellphone slows down reaction times and makes missing a signal more likely C) talking on a cellphone affects the probability of missing a signal, but doesn't affect reaction times D) talking on a cellphone only slows down reaction times, but doesn't affect the probability of missing a signal |
B) talking on a cellphone slows down reaction times and makes missing a signal more likely |
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Which of the following best describes the role of attention in memory?
A) Attention is a major factor at the encoding stage. B) The central executive operates more efficiently if attention is focused. C) When attention is divided, information is encoded at a shallower level. D) All of the above |
D) All of the above |
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____________ is when you fail to notice something obvious in your visual scene because you are focused on someone or something else. ___________ is a failure to notice a difference between something now and a moment ago.
A) Change blindness; Inattentional blindness B) Inattentional blindness; Change blindness C) Selective attention; Divided attention D) Divided attention; Selective attention |
B) Inattentional blindness; Change blindness |
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What can we conclude from Simons’ studies on Change Blindness?
A) We are very poor at recognizing the faces of strangers. B) It is difficult to detect even large changes when there is an occlusion or something that blocks our vision for a brief moment. C) We lack the attentional resources necessary to encode a person’s face, clothes, height, and other details needed to detect changes in a person. D) Our attention is focused on the factors that bring meaning to the scene and if a change does not alter the meaning of the scene, we are unlikely to detect it. |
D) Our attention is focused on the factors that bring meaning to the scene and if a change does not alter the meaning of the scene, we are unlikely to detect it. |
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John is an elderly man in his 80s. From what we know about divided attention, which of the following would John have most difficulty accomplishing?
A) Recalling where and when he last saw his grandchildren. B) Solving algebra problems. C) Going through photographs and answering if he has visited those locations. D) Formulating complex sentences. |
A) Recalling where and when he last saw his grandchildren. |
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What was concluded from the Mythbusters experiment comparing drunk driving with talking on a cell phone while driving?
A) While talking on a cell phone while driving is bad, drunk driving is worse. B) Talking on a cell phone and drunk driving produced equally bad results. C) Both actions produced impairments in driving, but talking on the cell phone caused significantly more errors. D) No negative effects were found in either condition. |
C) Both actions produced impairments in driving, but talking on the cell phone caused significantly more errors. |
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As the result of Alzheimer's, Diane has incurred damage to the medial prefrontal cortex of her brain. It is likely that she would have a problem _________.
A) recognizing faces. B) recognizing the effects of the damage. C) hearing. D) remembering events in the recent past. |
A) recognizing faces. |
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The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon has been used to study all of the following EXCEPT:
A) The relationship between the conscious and unconscious mind. B) The mechanics of language. C) Signal detection. D) Metamemory. |
C) Signal detection. |
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In the midst of telling a story, Rebecca couldn’t recall the word “encode” and instead could only think of words like “unload” and “explode”. Rebecca is most likely suffering from _______________.
A) aphasia B) dysarthria C) stuttering D) tip of the tongue phenomenon |
D) tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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Identify the true statement about the Tip of the Tongue (TOT) phenomenon.
A) It is only found in oral language. B) You can experience TOT even if you don’t know the actual word you are trying to get to. C) It occurs more often in older adults than in younger adults. D) All of the above |
C) It occurs more often in older adults than in younger adults. |
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What did Karin Humphreys discover in her research on the Tip of the Tongue (TOT) phenomenon?
A) When participants struggled for longer periods of time during a TOT state, they were more likely to fall into a TOT state when tested the next day. B) Allowing participants to struggle with TOT for only a short time actually increased the likelihood that they would experience TOT again the next day. C) There was no evidence to suggest that participants were learning how to be in a TOT state. D) It is always beneficial to spend more time trying to think of answers rather than looking them up while studying for classes |
A) When participants struggled for longer periods of time during a TOT state, they were more likely to fall into a TOT state when tested the next day. |
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According to Narens & Nelson’s model of metamemory, Jane’s judgment that she has learned the material and is ready for the midterm occurs during which stage(s) of memory?
A) Acquisition. B) Acquisition and Retention. C) Acquisition and Retrieval. D) Retention and Retrieval |
B) Acquisition and Retention. |
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If you were given material to study in a short amount of time, your retention of the material would be best if you spent more time studying ___________.
A) items that you find difficult. B) items that you find easy. C) items of medium difficulty. D) both the medium and difficult items in equal proportions. |
B) items that you find easy. |
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Metamemory is ____________
A) Our knowledge and awareness of our own cognitive processes. B) Our knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes. C) Our ability to reflect and become aware of what we know and don’t know. D) Our ability to regulate our learning or retrieval based upon our monitoring. |
B) Our knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes. |
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Christopher becomes aware that he does not know the difference between short-term memory and working memory. This awareness best describes which of the following?
A) Metacognition B) Cognition C) Monitoring D) Control |
C) Monitoring |
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Metamemory deficits have been found in all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Korsakoff’s Syndrome B) Alzheimer’s Disease C) Multiple Sclerosis D) Schizophrenia |
D) Schizophrenia |
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In the video, Alfred Kaszniak lists different neurological diseases that contain metamemory deficits and emphasizes that the diseases are very different from each other. However, what does Kazniak claim is something they all have in common?
A) Damage to the prefrontal lobe B) Damage to the hippocampus C) Damage to the amygdala D) Damage to the temporal lobe |
A) Damage to the prefrontal lobe |
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After going over her lecture notes, Kristin asked herself questions about the role of attention in memory and couldn’t come up with any answers, so she went over her notes a second time. This best characterizes:
A) Feeling of Knowing B) RJR technique C) Judgments of Learning D) Cue Familiarity |
C) Judgments of Learning |
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Son and Metcalfe’s (2000) study on the Region of Proximal Learning demonstrated that:
A) The students who had more time to study chose the hardest passages to review. B) For students who had less time to study, there was a negative correlation between Judgment of Learning (JOL) and study time. C) Students with least amount of time spent most of their time reviewing the hardest passages. D) For students who had more time to study, there was a positive correlation between Judgment of Learning (JOL) and study time. |
A) The students who had more time to study chose the hardest passages to review. |
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In the video about EP, he jokes with the experimenter about how to make a task he was asked to do a little harder. What type of memory was this joke based on?
A) implicit memory B) metamemory C) iconic memory D) semantic memory |
B) metamemory |
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E.P. could easily provide directions for landmarks near his childhood home, but could not do the same for the neighborhood he currently lived in. His inability has been attributed to the damage that occurred to his ___________.
A) temporal lobes. B) hippocampus. C) occipital lobes. D) cerebellum. |
B) hippocampus. |
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A patient with difficulty forming new memories is first presented a list of 24 words. Later they are shown them again along with others words not shown and asked to determine which were presented earlier. This is an example of a _________ test.
A) two alternative forced recognition B) yes-no recognition C) two alternative forced recall D) yes-no recall |
A) two alternative forced recognition |
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E.P., whom Foer termed “the most forgetful man in the world”, has problems with all of the following forms of memory EXCEPT:
A) Declarative memory B) Retrograde memory C) Implicit memory D) Spatial memory |
C) Implicit memory |
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Patient E.P. suffered damage to all of the following brain areas EXCEPT:
A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Frontal lobe D) Temporal lobe |
C) Frontal lobe |
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Though E.P. has many memory deficits, which of the following tasks can he still perform?
A) Recalling recently learned word pairs. B) List different routes from the house he grew up in to the theatre. C) Recognizing fear in someone’s face. D) Telling you what he ate for dinner last weekend. |
B) List different routes from the house he grew up in to the theatre. |
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Jason is shown a list of words, one of which is “college”. He then is prompted to say the first word that comes to mind that starts with “col” and actually reports “college”. This best exemplifies:
A) Semantic memory B) Retrograde memory C) Priming D) Plasticity |
C) Priming |
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Thorough examination and study of patients like E.P. are invaluable because:
A) They provide a unique opportunity to learn which abilities are lost and which are retained after damage to a specific part of the brain. B) It is the only way we can learn and study the functions of the different parts of the brain. C) These case studies provide the most reliable and representative results. D) They encourage us to appreciate how complex the brain is and value the things we take for granted, such as recalling what we ate for dinner yesterday |
A) They provide a unique opportunity to learn which abilities are lost and which are retained after damage to a specific part of the brain. |
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Which of these is NOT one of Ekman's basic facial expressions?
A) sleepy B) joy C) disgust D) surprise |
A) sleepy |
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A study in the 1970s used a picture recognition test (subjects were looked at a series of pictures, each for half a second, had a 30 minute break, then were asked to choose which of a pair of pictures they had seen before). For how many pictures is correct performance at 80%?
A) 30 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 10,000 |
D) 10,000 |
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What part of the brain was enlarged in the brains of London cabbies when Eleanor Maguire examined them using an MRI scanner?
A) left parahippocampal gyrus B) right posterior hippocampus C) right visual cortex D) the corpus callosum |
B) right posterior hippocampus |
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What is the Baker/baker paradox?
A) when a call number is preceded by two words, such as Baker/baker, it is better remember it in an hour then when just the number is given B) when a business has a name that repeats itself, such as "Baker-Baker Furniture," people are much more likely to recall it several days later than if the name is "Baker Furniture" C) when shown the same photograph of a man, subjects told that his name is Baker are less likely to remember it several days later than subjects told that he is a baker D) if subjects are read a sentence with the same word used twice, but in two different ways, such as "Mr. Baker was buying a cake from the baker," they are much more likely to remember it several days later than if they are given the same sentence with different words, such as "Mr. Green was buying a cake from the baker" |
C) when shown the same photograph of a man, subjects told that his name is Baker are less likely to remember it several days later than subjects told that he is a baker |
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How long did Willem Wagenaar keep his diary before beginning to test himself?
A) 6 months B) 1 year C) 2 years D) 4 years or more |
D) 4 years or more |
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How long does it take to complete the Zen-Nippon Chick Sexing School program?
A) 6 months B) 1 year C) 2 years D) 5 years |
C) 2 years |
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How many chicks must a student of chick sexing work through before becoming at all proficient?
A) 10,000 B) 100,000 C) 250,000 D) 500,000 |
C) 250,000 |
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After two years of practice, approximately what was SF's digit span?
A) 70 B) 150 C) 500 D) 1000 |
A) 70 |
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What name is given to decreasing the number of items to remember by increasing the size of each (combining items)?
A) mnemonics B) combinatorics C) associating D) chunking |
D) chunking |
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When chess pieces are randomly arranged on a chess board, how many positions can the average chess master remember?
A) five B) seven C) twelve D) all of them |
B) seven |
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Why was surgery performed on HM?
A) to sever his corpus callosum B) to remove brain tissue damaged by herpes simplex C) he had severe epileptic seizures D) he had herpes encephalitis |
C) he had severe epileptic seizures |
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What is Ribot's Law?
A) that you can hold seven plus or minus two items in working memory B) memories that are inconsistent with self-concept will be forgotten C) memories that are older are less subject to disruption D) memories are lost as an exponential function of time |
C) memories that are older are less subject to disruption |
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How did Freud explain infantile amnesia?
A) transference of early childhood memories to other family members B) displacement of the memories to be memories later in life C) regression of the memories into a pre-birth state D) repression of the hypersexualized memories of early childhood |
D) repression of the hypersexualized memories of early childhood |
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Long ago, which of the following were NOT considered centerpieces of the classical education in the language arts?
A) memory B) grammar C) composition D) rhetoric |
C) composition |
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Which of the following is an example of the Sin of Absent-mindedness?
A) misplacing your car keys B) forgetting someone you met at an event two months ago C) being unable to recall someone's name, but knowing the first letter and the number of syllables D) modifying a memory to fit your fit more recent events |
A) misplacing your car keys |
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Which of the following is typically performed while "operating on automatic?"
A) learning to drive B) writing questions for a new exam C) navigating an unfamiliar city D) playing a well-rehearsed trumpet solo |
D) playing a well-rehearsed trumpet solo |
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Which of the following is a time-based prospective memory task?
A) remembering to give Lauren a message when you see her next B) remembering to drop a birthday card into the next mailbox you pass C) remembering to push a button when a particular light comes on D) remembering to log on to the online study session when it starts |
D) remembering to log on to the online study session when it starts |
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What type of memory is memory for doing things in the future?
A) episodic memory B) semantic memory C) expectancy memory D) prospective memory |
D) prospective memory |
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Which of the following is an event-based prospective memory task?
A) remembering to call your friend back in twenty minutes B) remembering to make a payment by the due date C) remembering to be at the doctor's office when you are scheduled D) remembering to pick up milk when you see a CVS |
D) remembering to pick up milk when you see a CVS |
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Which of the following is one of the key criteria for a cue to prevent prospective memory failures?
A) simplicity in encoding B) availability at the time of retrieval C) vividness D) concreteness in form |
C) vividness |
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What key criteria for a prospective memory aid does a string tied around your finger lack?
A) availability B) informativeness C) distinctiveness D) uniqueness |
B) informativeness |
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The Baker/baker paradox asks:
A) Why should recall for the same word differ as a function of whether it is treated as a proper name or an occupation? B) Why is the name Baker often confused with the name Butcher, while the occupation baker is not confused with the occupation butcher? C) Why do we confuse the occupations of many people, while we are not confused by the many prominent people with the same last name? D) Why can we remember obscure occupations but have problems remembering common names? |
B) Why is the name Baker often confused with the name Butcher, while the occupation baker is not confused with the occupation butcher? |
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At what level in the Burke-MacKay theory do the proper name Baker and the occupation baker differ the most?
A) visual representation B) conceptual representation C) lexical representation D) phonological representation |
B) conceptual representation |
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Which of the following is not suggested as a reason that blocking on names of familiar people is more common as we age?
A) we know more people B) the speed of neural transmission slows down C) the link between the lexical representation and the phonological representation is weakened as we age D) older people are more likely to encounter people that they haven't seen in a while |
A) we know more people |
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Bill sustained a head injury and while his memory seems fine in other respects, he cannot remember names of familiar people. He probably sustained damage to
A) the right cerebral hemisphere B) the left temporal lobe C) the amygdala D) the hippocampus |
B) the left temporal lobe |
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What is the term for the inability to remember names of familiar people?
A) psychogenic amnesia B) proper name anomia C) directed amnesia D) tip-of-the-tongue state |
B) proper name anomia |
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What word was John Prescott looking for when he was asked about the Millennium Dome?
A) Greenwich B) raffles C) football D) lottery |
D) lottery |
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What procedure did Brown and McNeill introduce to induce TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) experiences?
A) present definitions of uncommon words and ask for the words B) hypnosis C) rapid-fire questioning about current events D) present pictures of landmarks and ask for identification |
A) present definitions of uncommon words and ask for the words |
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Which of the following is not mentioned by Brown and McNeill (and others) as something frequently known by someone in the TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) state about the blocked word?
A) the first letter B) the last letter C) the number of syllables D) a rhyming word |
D) a rhyming word |
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What does the term "ugly sister" refer to?
A) the word that is blocked that results in the TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) state B) a word that has similar sounds to a blocked word C) a word that pops out of nowhere to resolve the TOT (tip-of-the tongue) state D) an intrusion produced on the DRM task |
B) a word that has similar sounds to a blocked word |
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You are given a list of common words to recall, then tested on the list with the experimenter furnishing you with some of the words on the list. What will happen to your recall compared to if you were tested without the experimenter furnishing you with any words?
A) your recall will be better B) your recall will be the same C) your recall will be worse D) you will be better at remembering the order of the words, but the number you recall will be the same |
C) your recall will be worse |
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What typically precedes psychogenic amnesia?
A) head trauma B) psychological stresses C) loss of consciousness D) drug or alcohol abuse |
B) psychological stresses |
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In the patient PN, who lost 19 years of memories, what area of the brain was active when he looked at photographs from those 19 years?
A) the amygdala B) the medial-temporal lobes C) the frontal lobes D) the precuneus |
D) the precuneus |
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If you search through a deck of cards one at a time, stopping when you find the ace of clubs, what type of search are you performing?
A) parallel, exhaustive B) parallel, self-terminating C) serial, exhaustive D) serial, self-terminating |
D) serial, self-terminating |
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If you are presented with an array composed of 15 copies letter "O" and one letter "Q", the Q jumps out at you and you see it instantly. What type of search does this suggest?
A) parallel B) serial, self-terminating C) serial, exhaustive D) conjunctive |
A) parallel |
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If short-term memory searches ended when the target was found, what would be the relationship between search times in the target-present condition and the search times in the target-absent condition?
A) search times in the target-present condition would be on average the same as search times in the target-absent condition B) search times in the target-present condition would be on average shorter than search times in the target-absent condition C) search times in the target-present condition would be on average longer than search times in the target-absent condition D) the search times would be independent of the size of the memory set |
A) search times in the target-present condition would be on average the same as search times in the target-absent condition |
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Which of the following was not a stage in Sternberg's model of the search process?
A) encoding B) search C) storage D) decision E) motor response formation |
C) storage |
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What is having no problem reading 325567 and DE55ERT an example of?
A) top-down processing B) the attentional bottleneck C) bottom-up processing D) diurnal processing |
A) top-down processing |
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What is the name given to any object or change in the environment that affects the external or internal state of an organism?
A) a stimulus B) a variable C) a context D) a reinforcement |
A) a stimulus |
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What is the name given to the influence of prior knowledge or expectations on our perception of incoming stimuli?
A) memory B) context effects C) modality effects D) filtering |
D) filtering |
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What is a widely suggested method for proofreading papers that eliminates some top-down processing effects?
A) read the paper off the computer screen B) move to another room to read the paper C) read the paper backward D) turn the paper upside down to read it |
C) read the paper backward |
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What is an example of bottom-up processing?
A) missing spelling errors in a paper because of reading the words you expect to see B) seeing the panda on the Gestalt Psychology slide in Lecture 2 C) movements in comics shown by lines and puffs of dust drawn near shoes D) turning your attention to a car backfire outside your apartment |
D) turning your attention to a car backfire outside your apartment |
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What is the name for a procedure used in psychology in which the dependent variable (what is measured) is response time to determining whether the stimulus is a word or non-word?
A) two-item forced choice recognition B) cued shadowing C) lexical decision task D) uncued recall |
C) lexical decision task |
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What is the name for models that propose activation of multiple lexical entries simultaneously?
A) ordered access models B) serial search models C) random implementation models D) parallel access models |
D) parallel access models |
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In the Word Frequency task, which of these is an independent variable (what is varied by the experimenter) in the word/non-word task?
A) how fast the words are presented B) letter string category C) your response time D) how carefully you read the words |
A) how fast the words are presented |
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In a task involving identifying words and non-words, which set of words do you expect to have the longest response times?
A) unprimed low-frequency words B) unprimed high-frequency words C) primed low-frequency words D) primed high-frequency words |
A) unprimed low-frequency words |
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How many morphemes are there in the word "boys"?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 |
B) 2 |
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In experiments on the Fan Effect, which of the conditions produces the longest average reaction times to the true/false judgments about the sentences?
A) a location with only one person, and that person is only at that location B) a location that has two people, and those people are only at that location C) a location with only one person, and that person is at two locations D) a location that has two people, and those people are each at two locations |
C) a location with only one person, and that person is at two locations |
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What is the tendency to take longer to retrieve information about facts or concepts that have more relational links?
A) fan effect B) expert delay paradox C) nodal activation duration D) sentence superiority phenomena |
A) fan effect |
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What assumption is essential to Anderson's explanation of the fan effect?
A) that once learned, the associations will remain in LTM for at least a week B) that there is a limited total amount of activation C) that the participants in the experiment are familiar with associative networks D) that this phenomena can only be demonstrated in participants who have spent many years developing their expertise |
B) that there is a limited total amount of activation |
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What is the dependent variable (what is measured) in the Fan Effect experiment?
A) number of people at a location B) number of locations a where a person is C) reaction time D) number of sentences studied |
C) reaction time |
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What is the term for unconscious learning of one or more rules?
A) subliminal messaging B) subconscious learning C) implicit learning D) backward masking |
C) implicit learning |
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Why was your reaction time supposed to increase in the Implicit Learning experiment after a number of trials?
A) because the pattern changed B) because your mind wandered C) because you were transferring your explicit knowledge to implicit knowledge D) because you were transferring your implicit knowledge to explicit knowledge |
C) because you were transferring your explicit knowledge to implicit knowledge |
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Which of the following areas of memory was most intact in E.P.?
A) memory for faces B) semantic learning C) episodic memory D) implicit memory |
D) implicit memory |
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How do they suggest you differentiate between the motor hypothesis and the representation of sequence hypothesis in explaining performance on the serial reaction-time task?
A) see if you can explicitly state the rule you are following B) cross your hands on the keyboard and run the task again, comparing times C) do the task again and see if it is getting easier D) change the keys you press to correspond to the squares |
B) cross your hands on the keyboard and run the task again, comparing times |
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What would characterize the relationship between the size of the memory set and the reaction time if we searched our short term memory for an item using a parallel search?
A) the reaction time would be quicker if the item is present B) the reaction time would increase with the size of the memory set C) the reaction time would be slower if the item is present D) the reaction time would be constant for all sizes of memory sets |
D) the reaction time would be constant for all sizes of memory sets |
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In experiments with two independent variables, it is possible for the effect of the two variables to not simply be additive, but for them to have varying effects on each other. This is called
A) a main effect. B) an interaction. C) an uncontrolled variable. D) an experimental artifact. |
B) an interaction. |
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Which of the following ZAPS involved a paradigm that is classified as a lexical decision task?
A) Fan Effect B) Serial Position C) Sternberg Search D) Word Frequency |
D) Word Frequency |
