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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Co-morbidity
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the presence of more than one diagnosis occurring in an individual at the same time. Example 32% of people with an affective disorder also abuse substances and About 2 out of 3 persons with unipolar disorders will also have an anxiety disorder at some point
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Cultural Relativism
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A perspective that holds that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal. Instead behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms. Examples include bereavement practices and male shows of affection
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Thomas Szasz
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A psychiatrist who advocates the right of any one to die, believing it to be a fundamental human right
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Stigma
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an attribute, behavior, or reputation which is socially discrediting in a particular way: it causes an individual to be mentally classified by others in an undesirable, rejected stereotype rather than in an accepted, normal one
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Trephination
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Neolithic treatment for mental abnormality , which involved drilling holes in the skulls of people, allowing evil sprits to depart
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Hippocrates & Humours
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Early Greek physician who proposed that the body was composed of four basic humors, blood phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, and that any of these being off balance would create mental abnormalities
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Psychic Epidemics
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Phenomenon in which large numbers of people begin to engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin
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Bedlam
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Refers to the Hospital of Saint Mary of Bethlehem, in London, which became a hospital in the 1500's, famous for its deplorable conditions.
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Moral Treatment
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Mild system of treatment, designed to restore patients' self restaring by treating them with respect and dignity and encouraging them to exercise self-control
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Phillipe Pinel
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French Physician, put in charge of La Bicétre in Paris in 1793, ordered the patients to be released from chains and allowed to walk freely. Enacted many reforms
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Dorothea Dix
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A school teacher that lobbied for laws to be passed to clean up mental institutions and enact training for healthcare professionals.
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Clifford Beers
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founder of the American mental hygiene movement, first confined to a private mental institution for depression and paranoia. He later wrote an autobiographical account of his hospitalization and the abuses he suffered during
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Deinstitutionalization
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The act of removing patients from mental hospitals. Had success because it gave patients autonomy and released many people who did not need hospitalization, however those that did need it had no hospitals to turn to, and ended up on the streets or at facilities ill equipped to care for them
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Patient's Rights movement
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Argued that mental patients can recover more fully if they are integrated into the community with community based treatment facilities
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Community Mental Health Movement
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Attempted to provide coordinated mental health services to people in community based centers. Started by Kennedy
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Biological Perspective
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The idea that mental abnormalities are a function of physical abnormalities. Consists of three basic models, Structural, Biological and Genetic Models
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Structural Model
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A model that focuses on physical abnormalities, or lesions, in specific areas of the brain
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Biochemical Models
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A model that focuses on abnormalities related to neurotransmitter or hormonal imbalances or malfunctions
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Genetic Models
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A model that focuses on the genetic, or inheritability, aspect of mental illness
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Psychological Perspectives
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The perspective that holds to the idea that psychological abnormality is due to psychological issues, thoughts, beliefs, learning, social interactions, etc
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Based on unconscious =conflicts within a person which may drive actions
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Neoanalytic Theory
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Based on real lived experience, but that these become internalized
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Humanistic and Existential Theory
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Emphasize that mental illness follows from something thwarting natural and intrinsic approach
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Limbic System
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a collection of structures that are closely interconnected with the hypothalamus. Exert additional control over some instinctive behaviors, such as easting, sex, and stress reactions
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Frontal Lobe
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Planning, Regulation, Learning, Impulse control, Thinking ee phineas gage
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Prefrontal Cortex
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implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior
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Phineas Gage
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Individual who had a tamping rod shoot through his prefrontal cortex, resulting in a change in behavior, form calm and responsible to irreverent, capricious and irresponsible
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Neurotransmission
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the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap wherein they attach to dendrites and send information to following nerve cells
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Neuron
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a brain cell
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Axon
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A slender tube that extends from the soma and transmits the action potential to the neurons
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Dendrite
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branches on the soma that contain synaptic receptors. These project from the soma and receive neural impulses form adjacent neurons.
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Action Potential
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The action potential is the electro-chemical signal that travels down the axon toward the terminal button. The potential is generated by ions (Na+, Cl-, K+ etc) traveling down the axon through ion channels, regulated by special proteins.
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Synapse
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A gap between the terminal button and the cell body or dendrites of the receiving neuron. It is through this gap that neurotransmitters are released and diffused to the dendrite
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Neurotransmitter
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There are more than 70 neurotransmitters that we know of. These can bind to many types of receptors and cause different effects on different types of receptors. They have a lock and key function with receptor sites so that one site will accept only one type of neurotransmitter
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Receptor
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A receptor site is an area on the membrane of the receiving dendrite composed of special proteins which the may bind to neurotransmitters from the sending terminal button. The receptor site is specific, can receive one type of neurotransmitter.
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Reuptake
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Reabsorption of the neurotransmitter by the synaptic terminals from which it was released
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Neurotransmitter Degradation
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Wherein the action potential traveling down the axon will become slower, weaker because of energy lost in the form of heat and leaked ions along the axon. Myelination prevents this.
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Receptor Density
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The Density of Neuroreceptors present. Changes can be due to medication, Meds act as neurotransmitters and either mimic or block them
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5-HT Serotonin
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Involved in mood, hunger, sleep and arousal, low levels can lead to depression. Certain antagonists can cause serotonin in the synapse to remain longer, blocking reuptake.
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DA (Dopamine)
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involved in reinforcement/addiction, deficit in this in basal ganglia leads to parkinsonism
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NE (iii. Norephinephrine)
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Tends to increase activity/excitatory, Cocaine and speed act on this system, Implicated in depression, anxiety, stress responses
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GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
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Tends to reduce activity/inhibit behavior, Tranquilizers act on this system, GABA activation reduces anxiety, aggression
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Neuroendocrine System
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Relation between the brain’s activity and glandular functioning in the body via hormones
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HPA Axis
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Involved in fight or flight response. Become active when confronted with a stressor, increasing cortisol. Chronic Depression shows chronic activation of HPA axis and inability for it to return to normal. Leads to chronic cortisol toxicity
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Behavior Genetics
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Scientific study of individual difference in behavior and personality that can be attributed, in all or in part, to individual differences in genetic endowment
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Genotype
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Your genetic endowment
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Phenotype
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Your physical characteristics plus your genetic endowment
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Chromosome
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Stings of individual genes made up of DNA
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Allele
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one of a series of different forms of a genetic locus
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Mendelian Inheritance
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A Mendelian trait is one that is controlled by a single locus and shows a simple Mendelian inheritance pattern
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Polygenic
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refers to inheritance of a phenotypic characteristic (trait) that is attributable to two or more genes and their interaction with the environment
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Family History Studies
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A study in which scientists identify people who have disorders and then look at family pedigrees to attempt to determine a genetic cause to the disease
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Twin Studies
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Studies involving monozygotic an dizygotic twins to look at heritability rates of mental illnesses
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Monozygotic Concordance
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The probability that both monozygotic twins will have a disorder if one has the disorder
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Dizygotic Concordance
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The probability that both dizygotic twins will have a disorder if one has the disorder
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Adoption Studies
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A study of siblings, or twins, that are reared apart
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Heritability
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proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is attributable to genetic variation among individuals, a H2 = 2(Mz concordance –DZ concordance)
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Gene-Environment Interaction
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It is the interaction of the genotype with the environment that determines whether an individual will manifest the disorder
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Prefrontal Lobotomy
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Frontal lobes of brain are severed from deeper centers underlying them. Used to “calm” individuals with severe disorders (especially schizophrenia)
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
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Effective for depression, a series of treatments in which a brain seizure is induced by passing electrical current thought patient's brain
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Cingulatomy
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A lesion the cingulated: Electrodes lesion a neural circuit in the limbic system involved in emotion, Still used for anxiety disorders, particularly obsessive compulsive disorder, dangerous but does not have too terrible side effects
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Exposing patient to repeated magnetic pulses, relieves auditory hallucination and works on depression, with minor side effects
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Adherence
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Extent to which people follow treatment as prescribed
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Central Nervous System
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Consisting of the Brain and Spinal Chord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Consisting of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System
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controls muscles and voluntary movement
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Involuntary part of the Peripheral Nervous System. Consists of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Fight/Flight Response
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Rest/Digest Response
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Jean Charcot
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argued that hysteria was caused by degeneration in the brain and had nothing to do with hypnosis. Freud studied under him
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Josef Breuer
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discovered that encouraging patients to talk about their problems while under hypnosis led to a great upsewlling and release of emotion
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Anna O. and the Talking Cure
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A patient of Breur, who under hypnosis spoke of her painful memories and eventually was "cured" by talking of it, hence the "talking cure"
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Catharsis
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the release of emotions connected to painful memories
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Sigmund Freud
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Neurologist and psychoanalyst, developer of psychoanalysis
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Tripartite Model of Person
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From Freud: The Id, the Ego and the Superego
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Id
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Pleasure Principle, Primary Process
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Ego
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Reality Principle, Secondary Process
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Superego
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Moral Principle, conscience, ego ideal
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Tripartite Model of the Mind
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Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
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Conscious
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What you are aware of
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Preconscious
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What you bring to mind
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Unconscious
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things that are not easily available to awareness
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Psychosexual Stages
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central element in his sexual drive theory, which posits that, from birth, humans have instinctual sexual appetites (libido) which unfold in a series of stages. Each stage is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive during that stage
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The Neurotic Paradox
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when a person's behavior becomes ruled by defense mechanisms or when the mechanisms themselves are maladaptive, the defense mechanimss can result in abnormal, pathological behavior
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Resistance
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IN psychotherapy, the material that a client is relucatnt to talk about
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Transference
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When the client reacts to the therapist as if the therapist were an important person in the client's early development, such as father or mother
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Psychodynamic Therapies
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focus on uncovering ad resolving unconscious conflicts that are thought to drive psychological symptoms, goal to help patients recognize the maladaptive ways in which they have been trying to sope and sources of unconscious conlficts
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Anna Freud
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Believed her father ddid not give enough attention to the operations f the Ego, Freud felt the ego develops to negotiate etween competing demands of the Id and Super Ego, Anna and other ego psychologist argue that, the ego is present at birth, its primary service is to the goal of adaptation
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Erik Erikson
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emphasized social, rather than sexual mechanisms of development, Emphasized the function of Ego in its role establishing identity and mastering the environment, trained under Anna Freud, Believed that development continues across the lie span, Outlined 8 psychosocial stages of development, each defined by a or conflict
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Psychosocial Stages
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explain eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges.
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John Bowlby
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argued that early in life we form strong attachments to our caregivers, and the quality fo these attatchments then determines our expectations of ourselve sand our relationships
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Attachment Theory
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Bowlby, children who form secure attachments are confident that their caragivers will be there when they need them, children with insecure attachments do not have confidence in their crregiver
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Family Systems Theory
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Focus on the family, see the family as a comploex system, working on homeostasis, the whoel family must work ot fix a psychological problem
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Humanistic and Existential Perspective
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focus on what we might call the person behind the cognitions, the behaviors and the unconscous conflicts, based on the sassupmtion that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life
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Carl Rogers
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developed the idea of self actualization
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Client Centered Therapy
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designed to help people realize their genuine selves, accept themselve eentirely, and begin growing toward self actualization
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Self Actualization
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the fullfilment of one's potential for liove, creativity and meaning
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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coined by the humanist Carl Rogers, is blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does
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Reflection
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a method of responding in which the therapist expresses an attempt to understand what the client is experiencing and trying to communicate
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Viktor Frankl
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founder of logotherapy, which is a form of Existential Analysis, psychotherapeutic method of finding meaning in all forms of existence, even the most sordid ones, and thus a reason to continue living, holocaust survivor
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Maslow's Hierarchy
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most basic needs are physiological needs, then need to fulfill one's own personal values and reach self actualization,
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Behavioral Perspectives
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reject claims that unconscious conflicts drive behavior, instead focus on the influences of reinforcements and punishments in producing behavior
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Classical Conditioning
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paring a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally leads to a certain response and eventually the neurtral stimulus is able to elicit that response
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Operant Conditioning
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the shaping of behaviors by providing rewards for desired behaviors and punishemtn for undesired behaviors
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Social Learning
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people can also learn behaviors by watching other peoplve, particularly those in authority positions
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Ivan Pavlov
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Russian anatomist, came up with classical conditioning
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B.F. Skinner
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work on operant conditioning
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Albert Bandura
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social learning, bobo doll experiment
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Modeling
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people learn neew behaviors form imitating the beahaviors modelled by important people in their lives
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Bobo Doll Experiment
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Bandura, kids hit or played nice with doll based on what adults had done
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Cognitive Perspectives
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cognitions, thoughts and believfs, shape our behavior and the emotions we experience
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Attributions and Key features
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attributions we make for events can influence oru behavior, because they influence the maning we give to events and our epxecations for simiar events in the future
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Control Theory
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focuses on peoples expectationregarding their abilites to control imporatnt events
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Global Assumptions/Beliefs
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we have broad beliefs about how things work,w hich can be either positive and helpful or negative and destructive
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Aaron Beck
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argued that most negative emotions and maladaptive behaviors are the result of one or more of the dysfunctional global assumpitosn that guide a personon's life
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Cognitive Therapy
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focus on challenging people's maladaptive interpretations of events or ways of thinking and replacing them with more adaptive ways of thinking
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Albert Ellis
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founder of rational emotive therapy
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Rational Emotive Therapy
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Focuses on irrational and illogical beliefs and attempts to modify the beliefs so they are more rational and functional. Goal is to correct negative self-statements and self-defeating beliefs
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Primary Prevention
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prevention steps taken before onset of symptoms
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Secondary Prevention
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prevention steps taken after onset of symptoms
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Biopsychosocial Perspective
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posits that biological, psychological (which entails thoughts, emotions, and behaviors), and social factors, all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness
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Vulnerability/Stress Model
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also known as integrated model, a person must carry a vulnerabliilty to the disorder in order to develop it. This vularabillity can by biological, or psychological
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Pathological Mood
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indicated by: Polarity (high vs. low), Intensity (mild vs. impairing), Persistence (transient vs. stable), Depressed – Sadness, anhedonia (without happiness/interest), worthlessness, loss of appetite or sleep, Manic – elevated, expansive, irritable mood, inflated self esteem, decreased sleep, increased activity, Euthymic – Normal mood, within normal parameters, in terms of polarity, persistence or intensity
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Depressed Mood
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a state of low mood and aversion to activity
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Manic Mood
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Mania is generally characterized by a distinct period of an elevated, expansive, or irritable mood state
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Euthymic Mood
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Normal mood, within normal parameters, in terms of polarity, persistence or intensity
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Five or more of the following symptoms have been present during nearly every day of the same 2-week period and representing a change from previous functioning SIGECAPS
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Disthymia
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Similar but longer-lasting and milder symptoms than MDD, Depressed mood for at least 2 years
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Double Depression
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when Dysthymic Disorder is paired with MDD
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Mania
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a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week
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Hypomania
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a normal manic episode but shorter with fewer problems and decreased intensity
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Bipolar Type I
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Has full blown manic episodes with likely, but not necessary, depressive episodes
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Bipolar Type II
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Hypomania and MDD episodes are necessary
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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bipolar of lower intensity but of longer duration
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Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder
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Four or more cycles of illness within a 12 month period 3 times more women experience rapid cycling although bipolar
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Cohort
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Those born after 1975 are ten times more likely to become depressed than their grandparents, Average age of onset – in 1960 = ~30; in 2002 = ~15, At any given time, 25-30% of university students have at least mild symptoms of depression
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Introjected Hostility Theory
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Freud's theory of depression that posits that self bhlame and punishemnt is actually balme and punishment of the others who have abandoned them
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Interpersonal Models
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concerned with people's close relationships and their roels in those relationships
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Beck's Cognitive theory of Depression
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people with depression look at the world through a negative cognitive traid: they have negative views of themselves, of the world, and of the futureie. They have errors in thnking and jump to negativ conclusions
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Reformulated Learned Helplessness theory
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throy of depression focusing on people's causal attributions for events
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Depressive Realism
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when asked to make judgements about how much control they have over situations that are actually uncontrollable, people with depression are quite accurate, in contrast, nondepressed peole overestimate the amount of control they have
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Ruminative Response Styles theory
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focuses more on the process of thining rather than the content of thinking, as a contributor to depression
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Negative Triad
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negative views of a person's selves, of the world and of the future
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Arbitrary Inference
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type of cognitive bias in which a person quickly draws a conclusion without the requisite evidence It commonly appears in Aaron Beck's work in cognitive therapy
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Selective abstraction
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focusing on one insighnificant detai while ignoring the more important features of a sutation; One little thing leads to inference
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Overgeneralization
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making global conclusions about worth or ability on the basis of one single fact
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MAOI's
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Block degredation of NT by the enzyme monoamine oxidase
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SIGECAPS
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For Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Sleep increase or decrease, Interest Loss, Guilt, Energy loss, Concentration deficit, Appetite increase or decrease, Psychomotor activity increase or decrease, Suicidal ideation.
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The "S" in SIGECAPS
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Sleep increase or decrease
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the "I" in SIGECAPS
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Interest loss
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the "G" in SIGECAPS
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Guilt
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the "E" in SIGECAPS
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Energy loss
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the "C" in SIGECAPS
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Concentration Deficit
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the "A" in SIGECAPS
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Appetite increase or decrease
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the "P" in SIGECAPS
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Psychomotor activity increase or decrease
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the "S" in SIGECAPS
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Suicidal ideation
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DIGFAST
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For Bipolar Disorder, Distractibility, Indiscretion, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, Activity increase, Sleep (Decreased need for it), Talkativeness
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The "D" in DIGFAST
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Distractibility
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The "I" in DIGFAST
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Indiscretion
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The "G" in DIGFAST
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Grandiosity
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The "F" in DIGFAST
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Flight of Ideas
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The "A" in DIGFAST
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Activity increase
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The "S" in DIGFAST
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Sleep (Decreased need for it)
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The "T" in DIGFAST
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Talkativeness
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Behavioral Theory
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Learning theories, that maladaptive ways are learned as function of different reinforcements
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Cognitive theories
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mental illnesses follow from maladaptive thinking patterns
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Oral Stage
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0-2 years, zone: mouth, Fixation at this stage may result in passivity, gullibility, immaturity and manipulative personality
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Anal Stage
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2-3 years, zone: Bowels Anal retentive: Obsession with organization or excessive neatness Anal expulsive: Reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, Coprophiliac
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Phallic Stage
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4-6 years, Zone Genitals, Oedipus and Electra Complex
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Latency
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7-10 years, Dormant Sexual Feelings, pepole don't tend to fixate, but are unfulfilled sexually
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Genital
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11+ to puberty, zone: sexual interests mature, frigidity, impotence, unsatisfactory relationships
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Regression
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retreating to a behavior of an earlier developmental period to prevent anxiety and satisfy current needs
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Denial
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Refusing to perciee or accept reality
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Displacement
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Discharging unacceptable feelings against someone or something other than the true target of these feelings
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Rationalization
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Inventing an acceptable motive to explain unacceptably motivated behavior
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Intellectualization
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Adopting a cold, distanced perspective on a matter that actually creates strong, unpleasant feelings
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Projection
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Attributing one's own unacceptable motives or desires to someone else
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Reaction formation
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Adopting a set of attitudes and behaviors that are the opposite of one's true dispositions
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Identification
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Adopting the ideas, values, and tendencies of someone in a superior position in order to eleveate self worth
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Sublimation
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Translating wishes and needs into socially acceptable behavior
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Infancy (psychosocial Stage)
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Trust vs mistrust
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Earlly Childhood (psychosocial Stage)
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autonomy vs shame and doubt
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Years 3-5 (psychosocial Stage)
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initiative vs guilt
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Years 6-puberty (psychosocial Stage)
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industry vs inferiority
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Adolescence (psychosocial Stage)
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indentity vs confusion
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Early Adulthood (psychosocial Stage)
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intimacy vs isolation
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Middle adulthood (psychosocial Stage)
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generativity vs stagnation
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Old Age (psychosocial Stage)
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integrity vs despair
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Inflexible Family (Family systems Theory)
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resistant ato and isolated from all forces outside the family and does not adapt well to change
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Meshed Family (Family systems Theory)
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each member is too greatly involved in the lives of the other members, to the pint that individuals do not have personal autonomy
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Disengaged family (Family systems Theory)
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a family in which the members pay no attention to each other and operate as independent units
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Pathological triangular relationships (Family systems Theory)
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parents avoid dealing with conflicts with each other by always keeping their children involved in their conversations and activities
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