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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The theme of the book is __
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that abnormal behavior must always be considered in context.
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p4
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Normal vs. Abnormal is when abnormal behavior deviates away from the normal and needs __
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alteration or intervention.
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p4
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Being different doesn't mean that you are abnormal because you have __.
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unusual abilities.
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p5
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In abnormal psychology, we use the word __ to describe someone who "acts differently"
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deviant
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p5
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__ behaviors differ from prevailing societal standards.
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deviant
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p5
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Deviant behavior violates social norms, however __
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social norms are always changing
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p5
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Understanding behavior within a specific context is known as __
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goodness of fit
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p5
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__ is the idea that behavior is problematic or not problematic depending on the environment in which it occurs.
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goodness of fit
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p5
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The expectations of friends, family, neighbors, and cultures is a good example of why __
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people act the way they do
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p6
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__ is the shared behavioral patterns and lifestyles that differentiate one group of people from another
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culture
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p6
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__ is the abnormal behaviors that are specific to a particular location or group.
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culture-bound syndrome
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p6
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__ is a context that is important to taken into consideration when talking about abnormal behavior.
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age (i.e. bedwetting)
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p6
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__ behaviors violates social norms but it doesn't harm others.
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eccentric behavior
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p7
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Most people with psychological disorders do not engage in __
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dangerous behavior
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p8
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__ and __ causes maladaptive disorder.
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distress and dysfunction
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p9
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Distress can cause __, which leads to lack of sleep.
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anxiety
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p9
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Distress causes __ is occupational and social settings.
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dysfunction (i.e. people who takes hours to check and recheck locks)
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p9
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Abnorma behavior: behavior that is inconsistent with the individual's developmental, cultural, and societal norms. It creates __
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emotional distress; or interferes with daily functioning
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p9
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DSM-IV-TR is a diagnostic system that focuses on __
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symptoms and the scientific basis for the disorders.
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p9
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clinical representation asks:
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what specific symptoms cluster together?
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p9
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etiology asks:
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what causes the disorder?
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p9
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developmental state asks:
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does the disorder look different in children that it does in adults?
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p9
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functional impairment asks:
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what are the immediate and long-term consequences of having the disorder?
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p9
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The DSM system uses a __
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categorical approach to defining abnormal behavior
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p9
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47% of adults suffer from __
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psychological disorders
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p9
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The most common disorders in adults are __
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anxiety and alcoholic dependency.
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p9
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More than 20% of adults suffer __
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from depression
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p9
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__ an approach to understanding behavior that considers if from a quantitative perspective.
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dimensional approach
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p10
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Other factors that influences abnormal behavior include:
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race and sex. (women known for anxiety and mood swings, men for their alcohol or drug use. Mexicans for their depression)
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p10
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__ defined by family income and educational achievement, is another important fact that affects the prevalence of psychological disorders in the general population.
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socioeconomic status (SES) (in other words low income/education places have higher abnormal disabilities -because of lack of funds for medication)
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p10
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The idea that common symptoms of a disorder vary according to a person's age is known as the __
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developmental trajectory
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p11
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Social phobias depends on understanding not only this disorder but __
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also how the disorder appears at different ages P12
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p12
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Generalized anxiety disorder is defined as __
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worrying about the future.
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p12
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Hormonal changes associated with puberty may emerge __
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eating disorders (i.e. anorexia and bulimia nervosa)
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p13
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The history of abnormal behavior and its treatment evolved from __
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imbalanced body fluids, possession by demons, bad genes, trauma.
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p13
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Ancient theories in Egypt believed that __
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spirites controlled the environment and a persons behavior.
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p13
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In ancient times, it is rumored that they would practice __ to cut away a piece of the skull to let the demon out (or other treatments).
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trephination
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p13
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Classical Greek and Roman periods believed that __ controlled abnormal behavior, mental illness.
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Gods
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p14
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A greek physician prescribed the first herbs, and the people deemed him as a __.
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god
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p14
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Hippocrates is the father of __
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medicine. He coined the words hallucinations, delusions, melancholia (severe sadness), mania (heightened arousal)
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p14
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Hysteria or conversion disorder was __
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a term used to describe blindness or paralysis
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p14
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Hippocrates believes that abnormal behaviors were from __
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environmental factors or physical factors (season changes or fever/epilepsy)
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p14
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Hippocrates believed that chemical imbalances called humors were a cause of abnormal behavior, some of these humors include:
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low bile, black bile, blood, phlegm.
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p14
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Greek physician Glen, was an expertise of __
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neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, neurology, pharmacology, psychiatry, philosophy. (he discounted Hippocrates "wondering uterus")
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p14
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Avicenna wrote Canon of Medicine, the __
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most influential book ever written.
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p15
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Europe in the Middle Age of the Renaissance believed that abnormal behavior were from __
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witchcraft
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p15
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During the Middle Ages, __ sweep large groups of people, having them think that they were afflicted by demons, witches, or aliens.
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mass hysteria
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p15
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__ is a situation in which a group of people share and sometimes even act upon a belief that is not based in fact
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mass hysteria
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p15
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__ cause by the belief of a wolf spider
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tarantism
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p15
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__ caused people to think they were possessed by wolves (acting like a wolf).
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lycanthropy
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p15
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The scientific basis for mass hysteria is __. it is automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements from someone else.
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emotional contagion
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p15
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__ is the first physician to treat
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Johann Weyer and Paracelsus
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p16
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The lack of effective treatments turned facilities into warehouses called __
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madhouses
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p16
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Philippe Pinel advocated daytime duties/work or __ to allow for a restful sleep for the patients.
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occupational therapy
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p17
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The Retreat was a compassionate and religious environment for people with mental illnesses that believed in moral treatment, "__ and __"
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kindness and occupation
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p18
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Benjamin Rush is the __
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father of American psychiatry (believed that the human mind is the most important study)
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p18
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Mesmer believed in astrology, where a force flowed within the body and, when impleded, resulted in disease
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animal magnetism
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p18
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Mesmer's animal magnetism accidentally illustrated the power of the __.
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placebo effect
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p18
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Kraepelin introduced __
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dementia praecox, aka schizophrenia.
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p19
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schizophrenia is a disorder involving __
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serious abnormalities in thought , preceptions, and behavior
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p19
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__ the self-poisoning brain cells
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autointoxication
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p19
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Breuer believed in __
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hypnotism. (i.e. Anna O). He started the talking cure.
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p19
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Talking cure treatment is __
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therapy in a form of discussion of psychology distress with a trained professional, leading to the elimination of distressing symptoms.
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p19
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__ a comprehensive theory that attempts to explain both normal and abnormal behavior
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psychoanalysis (Freud).
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p20
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Freud believed that the roots of abnormal behavior happens within the first 5 years of life, but __
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the person doesn't remember because they were too young.
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p20
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psychoanalytic theory has three important aspects:
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the structure of the mind,
the strategies used to deal with threats, the stages of psychosocial development |
p20
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In psychoanalytic theory, the mind consists of three regions, __
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id ego, and superego
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p20
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libido is found in the __
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id
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p20
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reality is the __
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ego
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p20
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the moral region in the __
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superego
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p20
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__ is a theory of abnormal behavior originated by Freud that was based on the belief that many aspects of behavior were controlled by unconscious innate biological urges that existed form infancy
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psychoanalysis
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p20
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__ is the minds way of disguising feelings
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defense mechanism
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p20
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__ bring the troubled material to consciousness
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insight
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p22
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__ releasing psychic energy
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catharsis
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p22
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__ the person minimizes conscious control and without selection or censorship, tells the analyst everything that comes to mind
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free association
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p22
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Freud believed that dreams are the __
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royal road to the unconscious
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p22
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Freud's view outraged _
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Victorian
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p22
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_ a form of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
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classical conditioning
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p22
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_ believed in behavioralism
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Watson
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p23
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_ the theory that the only appropriate objects of scientific study are behaviors that can observed and measured.
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behaviorism
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p23
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__ an approach to psychological disorders based on the concept that when providing treatment to people with psychological disorders, the psychologist relies on the findings of research and in turn, when conducting research , the psychologist investigate topics that help to guide and improve psychological care.
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scientist-practitioner model
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p25
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through _ we are beginning to understand whether psychological disorders such as schizophrenia disorder have genetic basis
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genetic mapping
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p25
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genetic brain mapping includes:
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CAT scans and MRI's
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p26
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Transmitting information in the brain consists of:
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neurons
synapses neurotransmitter |
p 26
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_ the study of the structure and function of the nervous system and the interaction of that system and behavior
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neuroscience
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p26
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_ the process by which years of living with a disorder cause changes in the brain
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biological scarring
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p26
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Galton's behavioral genetics means:
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the field of study that explores the role of genes and environment in the transmission of behavioral traits
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p27
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_ the theory that during the prenatal period or shortly after birth, viral infections could cause some psychological disorders
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viral infection theory
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p27
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etiology pathways that a viral infection can occur are __
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direct (into the CNS), indirect (the immune system), or both ways (trigger)
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p28
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Parents are responsible for abnormal behavior by __
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their genes and be providing them with the environment that they are in
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p28
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parents are influential psychologically by __
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how they respond to their kids behavior, giving instructions, modeling their behavior, basically through direct interaction
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p28
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Separation from biological parents can cause __
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adolescence depression
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p28
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personality develops by having __
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mature interpersonal relationships with others
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p28
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Jung developed __
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analytic therapy: behavioral motivators were psychological and spiritual. goals modify behavior
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p28
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Adler developed __
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individual psychology: behavior is associated with sibling rivalry, birth order, and the inferiority complex
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P28
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__ a form of psychodynamic theory that focuses on conscious motivations and healthy forms of human functioning
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ego psychology
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p28
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__ addresses people's emotions with other people or things.
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object relations theory
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p28
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According to the learning theory, behavior is __
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the abstract of a persons history
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p29
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According to the learning theory, abnormal behavior is __
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the maladaptive learning experiences in a persons life.
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p29
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__ experimented with the anxiety in animals.
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Wolpe
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p29
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Wolpe used __ to install fear (anxiety) in his dog, and he said that the same was to cure it.
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classical conditioning
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p29
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Wolpe specifically taught his patient how to relax. Then he delib- erately paired relaxation (the incompatible response) with the fear-producing event. With repeated pairings, he __
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eliminated anxiety.
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p29
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Wolpe used a __, in which elements of the anxiety-producing object are presented in a gradual fashion.
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hierarchy (great for people who are scared of heights)
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p29
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Sometimes yelling at a child for bad behavior actually __
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increases it
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P29
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Skinner demonstrated that behavior could be acquired or changed by the events that happened afterward. Known as __
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operant conditioning
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p30
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__ a form of learning in which behavior is acquired of changed by the events that happen afterward
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operant conditioning (Skinner)
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p30
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The basic principle behind operant theory is __
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reinforcement (Skinner)
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p30
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__ a contingent even that strengthens the response that preceded it
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reinforcement (i.e. getting rewarded for doing house chores, rewarded with money [to increase the behavior]) (Skinner)
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p30
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__ reinforcers are objects such as food, water, or even attention. They have their own intrinsic value (that is, they satisfy basic needs of life or make one feel good)
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Primary (Skinner)
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p30
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__ are objects that have acquired value because they become associated with primary reinforcers. Money is a secondary reinforcer because it symbolizes the ability to acquire other reinforcers (heat in cold weather, a cold drink when thirsty)
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secondary (Skinner)
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p30
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Much of Skinner’s work was devoted to schedules of reinforcement, which established the “when” and “how” of reinforcement and set forth conditions under which
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behavior was more likely to be acquired or less likely to be extinguished
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p30
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__ the application of something painful or removing something pleasant
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punishment
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p30
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How do the dolphins in captivity learn to leap into the air, spin around three times, and then slide on a ramp to receive the applause of a human audience? The trainers use a procedure called __
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shaping
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p30
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__ a process whereby closer steps, or successive approximations, to a final goal are rewarded
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shaping (food is a reinforcer)
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p30
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__ developed vicarious conditioning
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Bandura
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p30
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__ a distinct type of learning in which the person need not actually do the behavior in order to acquire it
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vicarious conditioning (non-trial learning by watching a model, such as aggression)
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p31
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The __ proposes that abnormal behavior is a result of distorted cognitive (mental) processes, not internal forces or external events.
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cognitive model
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p31
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According to cognitive theory, __
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situations and events do not affect our emotions and behavior; rather, the way we perceive or think about those events does.
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p31
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__ was the originator of cognitive psychology, says that people with depression have three types of negative thoughts: a negative view of the self, the world, and the future.
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Beck
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p31
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negative assumptions are often called _. it affects their mood and behavior
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cognitive distortions
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p31
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Cognitive therapists assign behavioral experiments in which the patient engages in a certain activity and then examines the thoughts that accompany the activity. With therapist assistance, the patient learns to challenge negative thoughts, to assess the situation more __
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realistically, and to generate alternative, more positive, thoughts.
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p31
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Cognitive therapy and behavior therapy share many similarities, but there are some differences:
First, cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that internal cognitive processes must be the target of therapy whereas behavior therapy assumes that chang- ing behavior will lead to a change in cognitions. Second, cognitive therapy relies more on the use of traditional _- |
talk therapy. (No they are used together, and it is called cognitive-behavior therapy)
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p31
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__ a school of thought that holds that one’s subjective perception of the world is more important than the actual world, human- ists believe that people are basically good and are motivated to self-actualize (develop their full potential)
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phenomenology
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p31
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common cognitive distortions
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p32
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Therapy is based on three components:
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Genuineness refers to under- standing the client’s experiences both intellectually and emotionally. Empathic under- standing means that the therapist understands the client’s world as the client sees it. Finally, the therapist expresses unconditional positive regard by genuinely accepting the client with full understanding, trusting the client’s resources for self-understanding and positive change.
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p32
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Psychotherapy components are:
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focusing on understanding the patient’s past experiences, client-centered therapy focuses on present experiences, believing that the reestablishment of awareness and trust in that experience will lead to positive change.
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p32
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__ the idea that abnormal behavior must be understood within the con-
text of social and cultural forces |
sociocultural (such as gender roles, social class, and interpersonal resources)
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p32
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In addition to gender role, other social factors such as hunger, work, and domes- tic violence may make women more __
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vulnerable to psychologic distress
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p32
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Modern scientists now recognize that (a) abnormal behavior is complex, (b) abnormal behavior cannot be understood using a single theoretical explanation, and (c) __
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under- standing abnormal behavior will advance only if we embrace and integrate the various conceptual models
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p35
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Currently, most mental health clinicians subscribe to a biopsychosocial perspective, which acknowledges that _
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many different factors probably contribute to the development of abnormal behavior and that different factors may be important for different people.
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p36
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This perspective utilizes a diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior, which begins with the assumption that _
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psychological disorders may have a biological basis
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p36
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The presence of a biological or psychological predisposition to a disease or disorder is called a _
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diathesis.
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p36
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However, just having a predisposition for a disorder does not mean that a person will actually develop it. Rather, the predisposition is assumed to lie dormant (as if it does not exist) until _
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stressful environmental factors create signifi- cant distress for the individual.
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p36
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The combi- nation of a biological predisposition and the presence of environmental stress creates _
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psychological disorders
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p36
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The diathesis-stress model integrates biological, psychologi- cal, and sociocultural systems to provide explanations that are consistent with what we know are _
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complex human behaviors
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p36
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