Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Language
|
A system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar
|
|
|
Phoneme
|
he smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise
|
|
|
Morphemes
|
The smallest meaningful units of language
|
|
|
Grammar
|
A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
|
|
|
Deep Structure
|
The meaning of a sentence
|
|
|
Surface Structure
|
How a sentence is worded
|
|
|
Fast Mapping
|
The fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure
|
|
|
Nativist Theory
|
The view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity
|
|
|
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
|
A collection of processes that facilitate language learning
|
|
|
Genetic Dysphasia
|
A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence
|
|
|
Aphasia
|
Difficulty in producing or comprehending language
|
|
|
Concept
|
A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli
|
|
|
Category-Specific Deficit
|
A neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed
|
|
|
Family Resemblance Theory
|
Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member
|
|
|
Prototype
|
The "best" or "most typical member" of a category
|
|
|
Exemplar Theory
|
A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category
|
|
|
Rational Choice Theory
|
The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
|
|
|
Conjunction Fallacy
|
When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
|
|
|
Framing Effects
|
When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)
|
|
|
Sunk-Cost Fallacy
|
A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
|
|
|
Prospect Theory
|
Proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
|
|
|
Intelligence
|
A hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences
|
|
|
Ratio IQ
|
A statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100
|
|
|
Deviation IQ
|
A statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100
|
|
|
Factor Analysis
|
A statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors
|
|
|
Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence
|
Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s)
|
|
|
Fluid Intelligence
|
The ability to process information
|
|
|
Crystallized Intelligence
|
The accuracy and amount of information available for processing
|
|
|
Prodigy
|
A person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
|
|
|
Savant
|
A person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
|
|
|
Identical Twins (Monozygotic Twins)
|
Twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm
|
|
|
Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic Twins)
|
Twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm
|
|
|
Heritability Coefficient
|
A statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup
|
