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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Empiricism
The belief that accurate knowledge of the world requires observation of it
Method
A set of rules and techniques for observation that allow observers to avoid the illusions, mistakes, and erroneous conclusons that simple observation can produce
Why are people difficult to study?
(3 reasons)
Complexity
Variability
Reactivity
Operational Definition
A description of a property in measurable terms
Measure (noun)
A device that can detect the events to which an operational definition refers
3 properties of measurement
Validity
Reliability
Power
Validity
The characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it
Reliability
The tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing
Power
The tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things
Case Method
A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
Population
The complete collection of objects or events that might be measured
Sample
A partial collection of objects or events that is measured
Demand Characteristics
Those aspects of a setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave
Naturalistic Observation
A technique for gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
Double-blind Observation
An observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the participant
Correlation
When the value of one property is systematically related to the value of another
Variable
Property whose value can vary across individuals or over time
Third-variable correlation
Two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable
Matched Samples
A technique whereby the participants in two samples are identical in terms of a third variable
Matched Pairs
A technique whereby each participant in a sample is identical to one other participant in that sample in terms of a thrid variable
Third-variable problem
The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation
Experiment
A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
Independent variable
The variable that is manipulated
Dependent variable
The variable that is measured
Experimental group
The group of people who are treated in a particular way
Control group
The group of people who are not treated in a particular way
Internal validity
The characteristic of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about the causal relationship between an independent and dependent variable
External validity
A property of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way
Theory
A hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs
Hypothesis
A testable prediction made by a theory
Random sampling
A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
Informed consent
Written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail
Debriefing
A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study