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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Empiricism
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The belief that accurate knowledge of the world requires observation of it
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Method
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A set of rules and techniques for observation that allow observers to avoid the illusions, mistakes, and erroneous conclusons that simple observation can produce
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Why are people difficult to study?
(3 reasons) |
Complexity
Variability Reactivity |
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Operational Definition
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A description of a property in measurable terms
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Measure (noun)
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A device that can detect the events to which an operational definition refers
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3 properties of measurement
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Validity
Reliability Power |
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Validity
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The characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it
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Reliability
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The tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing
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Power
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The tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things
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Case Method
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A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
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Population
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The complete collection of objects or events that might be measured
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Sample
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A partial collection of objects or events that is measured
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Demand Characteristics
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Those aspects of a setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave
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Naturalistic Observation
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A technique for gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
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Double-blind Observation
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An observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the participant
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Correlation
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When the value of one property is systematically related to the value of another
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Variable
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Property whose value can vary across individuals or over time
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Third-variable correlation
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Two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable
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Matched Samples
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A technique whereby the participants in two samples are identical in terms of a third variable
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Matched Pairs
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A technique whereby each participant in a sample is identical to one other participant in that sample in terms of a thrid variable
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Third-variable problem
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The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation
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Experiment
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A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
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Independent variable
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The variable that is manipulated
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Dependent variable
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The variable that is measured
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Experimental group
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The group of people who are treated in a particular way
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Control group
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The group of people who are not treated in a particular way
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Internal validity
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The characteristic of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about the causal relationship between an independent and dependent variable
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External validity
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A property of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way
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Theory
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A hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs
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Hypothesis
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A testable prediction made by a theory
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Random sampling
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A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
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Informed consent
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Written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail
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Debriefing
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A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study
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