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59 Cards in this Set
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3 barriers to psychological health according to Carl Rogers |
1. Unconditional Positive Regard - where love, acceptance, and need to be valued and respected is given dependent on acceptable behaviour. 2. Incongruence - where there is a discrepancy between how others see you (self-image) and how you see yourself (self-worth) and who you want to me (Ideal self). Awareness of the discrepancy between ideal self and actual self causes anxiety. 3. Defensiveness - protecting our self-concept from anxiety and threat by distorting or denying experiences inconsistent with self-concept - Distortion - misinterpretation of info - Denial - refusing to experience or become aware |
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3 Core Tenants of Therapy according to Carl Rogers |
1. Genuineness - being transparent and real with the client, and not hiding behind professional demeanour or superiority. Being open and spontaneous to what is occurring in therapy. 2. Empathy - being able to understand how client feels and able to communicate understanding to client. This helps client establish a connection with therapist. 3. Unconditional Positive Regard - non-judgemental acceptance of client. These three qualities are sufficient and necessary for change in therapy. |
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Schizophrenia: List the type of symptoms and give example |
Positive Symptoms: that add to the experience, e.g. hallucinations and delusions Negative Symptoms: that take away from the experience, e.g. decreased energy, social withdrawal, decreased motivation Disorganised Symptoms: social and cognitive impairments that lead to functional disability, e.g. jumbled speech, erratic behaviour, and inappropriate affect |
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Describe Psychosis |
Psychosis - an array of symptoms that involve disturbances in how brain processes thoughts and perceptions. Usually containing positive symptoms such as: Hallucinations - sensory experiences in absence of sensory stimuli, e.g. hearing voices, seeing things, or smelling things that aren't there Delusions - strongly held beliefs despite lack of supporting evidence - different from paranoia, which may be true. |
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What are some of the aetiology of Schizophrenia |
1. Genetic and biochemistry factors - Schizophrenia has a very high genetic component - first degree relatives are 8x more likely to get disorder, and 60-80% of variance is accounted for by genetics. Furthermore, there appear to be specific genes associated with schizophrenia. 2. Social and Environment Factors - childhood trauma and abuse, substance abuse, negative life events 3. Conditions of birth - being born in higher latitudes, pre-term birth, mother malnutrition, urbanicity, spring/winter Births |
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Schizophrenia: what is the Comorbidity, prevalence, Male:Female ratio, onset, recovery and relapse rates |
Comorbidity: shares 50% genetic variance with Bipolar, 50% comorbid with depression and substance abuse. Also comorbid with PTSD, Panic Disorder, OCD. Prevalence: 0.9% in Australia, 0.01% in the world More prevalent in males, 1.41:1 ratio Onset: for males, 15-25yo, and females, 25-35yo Recovery: 80% recover from first episode, but 82% relapse within 5 years |
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What are some treatments for Schizophrenia |
Pharmacological Treatments: first an second generation anti-psychotics - however have very bad side effects and weight gain and nausea.
Psychological Treatments: - Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - aims to challenge dysfunctional thinking and reduce positive symptoms - Cognitive Remediation - improving cognitive function and teaches strategies to deal with cognitive deficits, e.g. recognising when behaviour is rude - social skills training - aims to increase social competence. |
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Requirements for Personality Disorder |
1. Enduring pattern of inner experience and thoughts that deviates markedly from culture and norms 2. Enduring and stable - emerges in early adolescence 3. Pervasive and Inflexible across wide range of social situations 4. Not better explained by some other mental disorder 5. Not caused by medication or substance abuse 6. Causes significant impairment and distress |
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Describe and list Cluster A Personality Disorders |
Custer A: Odd and Eccentric PD Paranoid PD: patterns of mistrust and suspicion and tendency to perceive other's behaviours as malevolent. Schizoid PD: patterns of detachment from social relationships and restrictive emotional expression, e.g. loners. Schizotypal PD: patterns of discomfort in close relationships, cognitive and perceptual deficits and eccentric behaviour |
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Describe and list Cluster B Personality Disorders |
Cluster B: Emotional and Dramatic - marked by difficulties in impulse control and emotional regulation Antisocial PD: pattern of disregard and violation for the rights of others. Previously diagnosed with conduct disorder in adolescence. Narcissistic PD: patterns of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy. Histrionic PD: pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Borderline PD: instability in relationship, affect and impulse control. |
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Describe and list Cluster C Personality Disorders |
Cluster C: Anxious and Fearful - marked by anxious and fearful traits Avoidant PD: patterns of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitive to negative evaluations. Dependent PD: pattern submissive and clingy and need to be taken care of. Obsessive-Compulsive PD: pattern of preoccupaiton on control, perfection and orderliness |
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Define Depression |
A mood disorder marked by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in life. It affects how you think, feel and behave and results in a variety of cognitive, emotional and physiological symptoms. Like any other illness, it can affect anyone, regardless of ability to cope etc. |
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Symptoms of Depression across 3 domains |
Symptoms of depression affect three domains: Emotional Symptoms: feelings of sadness, worthlessness and guilt, angry outbursts and frustration, and loss of interest in previously enjoyable things Cognitive Symptoms: rumination and fixation on past negative events and failures, thoughts around death and suicide, beliefs around worthlessness, unlovability and helplessness, slowed thinking, trouble in making decisions and remembering Behavioural Symptoms: changes in appetite and sleep, lack of energy and motivation, slowed movement, |
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Two types of Depression |
Endogenous: more biological and due to biochemistry and genetics. - More severe and tend to last longer - Usually need drugs to treat Exogenous: more reactive to situations and environment, e.g. negative feedback from parents or negative life event. |
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7 Vulnerabilities for Depression |
1. Genetics and Neurochemistry, e.g. Norepinephrine and Dopamine 2. Social Support 3. Cognitive Styles 4. Coping Styles 5. Personality variables 6. Social and Environmental Factors 7. Developmental Experiences |
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Cognitive Model for Depression |
Early Experiences result in development of core beliefs and assumptions about ourselves and how we relate to others, e.g. Dad leaves home forms belief that we will always be abandoned (Abandonment Schema) These core beliefs and assumptions form rules by which we life our life, e.g. Surrender, Avoid or Overcompensate. Critical event/situation, e.g. Date is 15mins late activates these core beliefs and assumptions to form automatic negative thoughts, e.g. Date is probably abandoning me, I will always be abandoned, which then affects how we feel, e.g. disappointed, and behave, e.g. become independent and don't go on any more dates. |
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What is Behavioural Activation Treatment |
Behavioural activation treatment is a treatment used for depression. It aims to change our behaviours which is predicted to change how we think and feel. E.g. If we don't want to go to a party, we make ourselves go and then experience a good time, then feel better and more likely to go to party again. |
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List the 3 characteristics beliefs in depression and give example |
Worthlessness - I'm worthless, useless, I'm a waste of space Helplessness - I'm incompetent, I can't do anything Unlovableness - Nobody loves me, I have no friends |
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Define Anxiety - how is it distinguished from fear? |
Anxiety is a future-orientated state characterised by focus on danger, threat or future negative outcomes or consequences. Fear is a present-orientated state characterised by strong tendency to avoid or escape a perceived threatening situation. |
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Define Generalised Anxiety Disorder |
- Excessive worry that something terrible will happen, even though there's no reason to worry - Feel anxious and worried most of the time, not just in times of exceptional stress and these worries interfere with their lives - These worries linger for 6 or more months |
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Define Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
Obsessions: recurrent and persistent thoughts, images, impulses and concerns that are intrusive and unwarranted. Compulsions: excessive and repetitive behaviours that are time consuming and distressing. They are performed to stop obsessions from coming true. Compulsions come out of adaptive behaviours, but because of the repetitive and time-consuming nature, they become maladaptive. People with OCD know that they are irrational and their compulsions excessive, but feel like they can't control them. |
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What is magical thinking in relation to OCD? |
Magical thinking is when you believe that if you think about something it will come true. People with OCD engage in magical thinking all the time, and their compulsions are to prevent their thoughts from coming true. |
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Treatment for OCD |
Because compulsions are so repetitive, people who engage in compulsions tend to forget that they had already engaged in them. E.g. If you are worried that every time you leave the house, you've left the stove on, the more you check, the less likely you are to remember whether you've turned it off. Treatment for OCD teaches patients to be mindful of doing something once, so they don't do it again. E.g. Check the stove thoroughly, make sure all the switches are turned off, so you don't need to check again. |
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4 types of Anxiety |
1. Fear based ,e.g. phobias 2. Ego Dystonic - need for perfection and approval 3. Intolerance of uncertainty and lack of control, e.g. OCD 4. Intolerance of emotional and physical discomfort, e.g. social phobia? |
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Define Wellbeing and Coping |
Wellbeing: state of health and happiness. Whereby individual realises their ability to cope with normal stressors of life, work productively, and contribute to the community. Sustaining good wellbeing means you can life a happier and healthier life and decrease risk of mental illness. Coping: ability for individual to meet the internal and external demands appraised as exceeding their ability or adverse. The strategy adopted to cope must be consistent with the controllability of the event and the extent of impact on wellbeing. |
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Define Resilience |
Resilience is ability to adapt well and bounce back from negative life events, e.g. tragedy, trauma or stress. |
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List and describe the 7 Resilience Skills |
1. Emotional Regulation and Awareness - resilient people experience all emotions, but aware that negative emotions are just natural part of life. They are able to move on and regulate their responses to negative emotions and not let it hold them back. 2. Impulse Control - emotional people do not act on every impulse, especially were it would lead to negative consequences. 3. Realistic Optimism - resilient people have an optimistic style of attribution, which is realistic. E.g. External, Unstable, specific and internal locus of control - Not me, not always, not everything, and I can change it. 4. Flexible and Accurate Thinking - Resilient people can think of lots of solutions to problems, which make them more able to deal with problems 5. Self-Efficacy - resilient people have high belief that they can do something 6. Connection and Reaching Out - Resilient people have a diverse range of social relationships to meet different demands 7. Empathy - empath results in more prosocial behaviour, which can be reciprocated. More empathetic people have more friends. |
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Define Self-Efficacy |
Self-efficacy is one's belief in their capabilities to generate and execute a course of action for a prospective situation. i.e. your belief in your capabilities to do something. Self efficacy is dependent on: - Mastery of Experiences: Whether you've done it successfully in the past - Social Modelling: Whether you've seen someone do it successfully - Social Persuasion: Whether other's encourage you or believe that you can do it successfully - Psychological Response: You moods, thoughts, feelings and physiological responses at the time. |
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What are the Dimensions of Resilience |
Mental/Cognitive, e.g. attributional styles and self-efficacy, thoughts, focus Emotional, e.g. optimism, emotional awareness and regulation, calming and focusing, positive emotions Spiritual, e.g. meaning, personal values and philosophy, beliefs and empathy Physical, e.g. health, rest and recovery, stamina and fitness |
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Post-traumatic Growth and why does it occur? |
Post-traumatic Growth - where we experience positive psychological change as a result of struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. It occurs because negative life events: - Enhance Relationships - we know who our real friends are: those that stuck with us and supported us - Changes in self-view - we focus on our personal strengths and other factors what helped us get through the event - Changes in life philosophy and priorities - it puts things in perspective and we start prioritising the important things. We have new found appreciation for things that we might have lost, e.g. family, days. |
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Define Positive Psychology and it's elements |
Positive Psychology is the study of positive emotions. It focuses on studying the elements that make a person, group or institution thrive and flourish. PERMA++ - Positive Emotions - by reflecting on the good things that happen, we can increase our wellbeing. Neuro-plasticity tells us that just thinking of 3 good things every day can change our focus on positive things. - Engagement - engagement is about being present in the moment, and a key aspect of that is Flow. Flow is when you become so immersed in an activity you loose self-consciousness and track of time. Requires a challenging activity within your skill level, that engages you and you can keep track of progress. Mindfulness being aware of the present. - Relationships - give meaning to our lives and fulfil our need to belong. Requires engagement and active-constructive response - Meaning - having a purpose in your life can direct your behaviours towards things that make you happy - Achievement - gives you a sense of success - Vitality - being fully alert, aware and energetic. It is important for creativity and growth - Spirituality - search for the sacred, and addresses the human need for transcendence and associated with various positive outcomes. |
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Define Schema |
Cognitive frameworks that helps us organise and interpret information. It serves as a cognitive heuristic/mental shortcut that allows us to process vast amounts of information in short time (efficiently). However it also means we miss our on relevant and pertinent information in the environment as schemas focus our attention on things that confirm our schemas. Schemas are the basis of stereotypes as they make it harder for us to retain new information that is inconsistent with already well established beliefs about the world (schema). |
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Self-Schema |
Pervasive, stable, broad themes we have about ourselves and how we relate to others, developed at a early age and elaborated on in adulthood, that are to some extent, dysfunctional. Schemas are self-perpetuating, they make us notice things consistent with our self-schemas. |
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Define Early Maladaptive Schemas, and list and describe 5 |
Early Maladaptive Schemas are broad stable, enduring and maladaptive themes we have about ourselves and how we relate to others that is developed from an early age and elaborated on in adulthood. Disconnection and Rejection - relate to expectations that one's need for love, affection, security, stability and empathy will not be met. Stems from cold, rejecting, detached and explosive/unpredictable parents Impaired Autonomy and Performance: expectation that one cannot survive separately, function independently and perform successfully. Come from parents that are over protective, they don't reinforce competent performance, and undermine child's confidence. Impaired Limits: Child has not learned the social and emotional limits. As a result of impaired limits, find it difficult to respect the rights of others and difficulties in setting long-term and realistic goals, and going through with them. From parents that are over-indulgent, don't punish and lack discipline. Other-directedness: submissive people that are highly responsive to other's needs and desires at the expense of own, due to need for love and affection and fear of retalisation. From parents that give conditioned positive regard - where person has to suppress vital aspects of self to be accepted and loved. Overvigilience and inhibition: either being really impulsive, or adhering to strict personal or moral codes at expense of happiness, relaxation and self-expression. Stem from very strict families that prioritise, perfection, orderliness and control at the expense of making a few mistakes and self-expression. |
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Steps in Ethical Decisions-Making |
1. Identify there is an ethical problem - identify there is a problem and determine whether it is an ethical one that is your responsibility. 2. Clarify the ethical issues - refer to ethical guidelines and principles, as well as discussion with supervisors to determine the rights, obligations and vulnerabilities of the parties involved. Identify gaps in knowledge and attempt to fill them. 3. Generate and examine courses of action - generate courses and alternative courses of actions and examine their consequences. Look at the time pressure, and cultural and social considerations. 4. Choose and Execute a course of action - making sure to document all reasoning and discussions with supervisor so it can be used later if legal proceedings occur. 5. Review and Reflect Process - reviewing process taken to reach decision, was there anything that could be done different? Could the ethical dilemma be prevented in the first place. |
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Define APS Ethical Code Principle A |
Principle A: Respect the rights and dignity of people and peoples
- Psychologists recognise that people are intrinsically valuable and respect their rights to autonomy and justice - Psychologists recognise that each person should be treated equally, and act in accordance with their human, legal and moral rights. - Patients should be treated without favouritism and discrimination, but having regard to their diversity and uniqueness - Psychologists should recognise that everyone has a right to linguistically and culturally specific services - Psychologists should respect the dignity of individuals, and allow individuals to participant in decisions affecting their life - Psychologists respect the privacy and confidentiality of individuals |
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Define APS Ethical Code Principle B |
Principle B Propriety - Psychologists should ensure they are competent in the services their deliver - Psychologists should undergo professional development when appropriate to ensure they remain competent - Psychologists should be aware of the impact of their personal and mental health in treatment - Psychologists must benefit and not harm - should should put the interest of the client, profession and public before their own - Psychologists must take responsibility for their own actions |
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Define APS Ethical Code Principle C |
Principle C: Integrity - Psychologists recognise their knowledge of the profession, their professional standing and the information gained from clients put them in a position of power and trust, and must exercise that power appropriately and uphold that trust. - Psychologists must act in good faith in their relationship with clients and ensure they maintain appropriate boundaries - Psychologists must act with honesty and probity, and not exploit clients, avoid conflict of interest and be aware of their own biases. |
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6 Research Ethics |
1. Informed Consent: Experiments should briefly outline the aim of the experiment and participant's role prior to experiment and ask for the participant's consent to participate 2. Protection from mental and physical harm - experiments should not cause participants harm, embarrassment, offence or fright 3. Deception - experiments should not give participants incorrect or misleading information. It undermines informed consent and brings distrust of the profession. 4. Debrief - experimenters should explain the real nature and purpose of the experiment after. Especially where there is deception, experimenters should explain the real purpose. 5. Withdrawal - participants should be allowed to withdrawal any time during experiment, and even at the end of the experiment. 6. Confidentiality - experimenters should ensure the privacy of the participant's personal information and any data they obtained. Should not use participant's name in study. |
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What is the ultimate question in therapy? |
What treatment is most effective for this individual with this specific problem, under these set of circumstances, and how does it come about? |
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Define Evidence-Based Model for Therapy and it's three domains |
Evidence-Based therapy integrates the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture and personal preference. Evidence Domain - Requires psychologists to follow techniques based on the best research evidence and studies comparing treatments Clinical Expertise Domain - applies clinical judgement Client Domain - treatment is tailored to individual values, characteristics and preferences. |
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Why is evidence-based model for therapy important |
1. Promotes quality and accountability in healthcare 2. Develops shared vocabulary - allowing easier communication between professions 3. Promotes more evidence-based research 4. Helps develop infrastructure and guidelines |
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List in order the Psychology Evidence Pyramid |
1. Systematic Meta-Analysis - a systematic study that combines multiple research. 2. Randomised Control Trial - one control group is compared to treatment group 3. Process-Outcome Study - looks at the efficiency and effectiveness of treatments 4. Public Health/Ethnographic Studies - looks at the prevalence and treatment across population 5. Controlled/Experimental Case Study 6. Systematic Case Study - looks at multiple Case Study 7. Single Case Study 8. Qualitative Research 9. Clinical Observations |
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List order of Evidence Based Pyramid |
1. Systematic Meta Analysis 2. Randomised Controlled Studies 3. Case control study 4. Case Series 5. Case Reports 6. Ideas, opinions and Editorials 7. Animal Testing 8. In-vitro testing |
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Why evidence/research not always implemented? Competing Influences in Evidence Domain |
1. Political Influences, e.g. legalisation of marijuana as treatment 2. Consumer, Pharmaceutical and practitioner lobby groups, e.g. rise in anti-depressant industry 3. Competing agendas between researchers, e.g. researchers want to keep research private for own success 4. Genuine disagreement among researchers, e.g. should diagnostic criteria be categorical or dimensional? 5. Social change and expectations, e.g. homosexuality no longer a disorder that can be cured 6. Medical and Psychosocial Influences 7. Cost issues - some evidence-based practice is too costly to be implemented |
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6 categories of evidence in therapeutic interventions |
1. Well-Supported and Efficacious - contain two or more randomised controlled trials 2. Supported and probably efficacious - contain controlled trials 3. Supported and acceptable - contain either controlled or non-controlled trials, or series of case studies 4. Promising and Acceptable - generally accepted, based on anecdotal literature 5. Innovative and novel - treatment that isn't harmful, but not much evidence 6. Concerning treatments - harmful treatments that have no basis in literature |
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Ways of evaluation treatments |
1. Utility - applicability, feasibility and usability 2. Generalizability - across patients, clinicians and settings 3. Robustness - how accurate/good it is as it is applied across different settings etc. |
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Describe clinical expertise domain |
Clinicians should also be trained as researchers so they are able to identify, understand and integrate the best research. These research and evidence should inform their assessments, diagnostic judgements, formulation and treatments. They should apply their interpersonal expertise, and other clinical skills, in the therapeutic relationship |
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Describe Client Domain in the Evidence-Based Model |
The treatment should be tailored the individual |
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Define the Scientist-Practitioner Model |
The Scientist-Practitioner model arose from criticism of practitioners for lack of scientific rigour. It argues that research outcomes should inform practice and clinical outcomes should inform practice. Practitioners should contribute to scientific psychology. Clinicians should be trained as both practitioners and researchers |
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6 Core Tenets of the Scientist-Practitioner Model |
1. Assessments and Interventions should follow scientific protocols 2. Research findings should inform healthcare decisions 3. Hypothesis should inform healthcare decisions 4. Practitioners should network with other healthcare professions, e.g. GP 5. Practitioners should support other healthcare professions 6. Contribute to clinical-based research and development |
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Define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy |
CBT is a therapeutic intervention that aims to change behaviour and cognition to change resulting emotions. It is a short-term treatment that is goal-directed, collaborative and focuses on formulation - i.e. explaining to patients what is happening It is an active therapeutic treatment and it teaches patients to be their own therapists. It has received strong empirical support from randomised controlled trials. |
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Explain the underlying model for CBT |
What we think about a particular situation affects how we feel and behave (Ellis & Beck). But how we think about a situation is dependent on underlying core beliefs, assumptions and rules, developed from an early age (similar to Early Maladaptive Schemas). By changing these underlying core beliefs, we are able to change how we interpret/think about a situation, which in turn changes our feelings and behaviours. |
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Define Cognitive Specificity Hypothesis |
Cognitive Specificity Hypothesis argues how we distort our appraisal follows themes and psychological profiles relevant to the psychological disorders. |
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List and describe the three levels of cognition in CBT |
Core Belief - is the deepest level of cognition and remains dormant until activated by a stressful or negative event. It is global (not specific like automatic thoughts) and absolute (not like some rules and assumptions that may be conditional). Examples: Hoplessless, Worthlessness, Unlovableness Rules and Assumptions - still below surface. They protect us from underlying core beliefs, e.g. "If I fail this social psych exam, I am a failure", "I ought to get 100% on this exam". It can be difficult to identify Automatic Thoughts - automatic, spontaneous and uncontrollable responses to situations that does not derive from reasoning. Can be difficult to pinpoint whether they are a thought or emotion. |
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Define Mindfulness |
Intentional, accepting and non-judgemental focus of attention on the thoughts, feelings and sensations occurring at the present moment. |
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Define Activation and Commitment Therapy |
ACT is a mindfulness based therapy that aims to reduce the struggle in control between cognition and emotion by not challenging thoughts and emotions, and accepting that pain is an inevitable part of life. It creates a rich and meaningful life Has lots of empirical support from controlled trials. |
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Theoretical basis of Activation and Commitment Theory |
It follows functional contextualism, which argues that psychological events are part of a set of on-going actions depending on the context, i.e. we associate various psychological processes depending on context. Thus if we change the context that links a thought and emotion together, we can change how we feel. Based on Relational Frame Theory that argues that arbitrary cognitive relationships is the core of human cognition, e.g. how we think is dependent on words, which is arbitrary relationship between sound and meaning. |
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What are the 6 core tenets of Psychological Flexibility in relations to Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. |
1. Contact with the present moment using mindfulness 2. Defuse from negative emotions, e.g. not tuning in to negative emotions 3. Acceptance of negative thoughts 4. Self-as-a-Context - not seeing the self as the centre of the universe, but in the particular context 5. Committed action - workable goals and doing things 6. Values to Guide Behaviour |
