Psychological Disorders

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Medical model

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model for psychological disorder to be treated as diseases

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DSM-IV-TR

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three key elements for symptoms to qualify as a mental disorder

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Manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions

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one of the DSM-IV-TR

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Symptoms associated with significant personal distress or impairment

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one of the DSM-IV-TR

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Symptoms stem from an internal dysfusion
:biological, psychological, or both

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one of the DSM-IV-TR

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Reliability

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one of the problems with mental model/DSM diagnosis:
how different people diagnose patients

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Interpretation rather than observable behavior

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one of the problems with mental model/DSM diagnosis:
interpret (scale) not real world

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Patient self-report

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one of the problems with mental model/DSM diagnosis:
self-report vs. personality

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Comorbidity

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one of the problems with mental model/DSM diagnosis:
difficult to define which behavior is because of which mental disorder

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Intergrated perspective

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the fact that there are three factors intergrated
:biological, psychological, environmental

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Diathesis-stress model

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the model it states that most mental disorders are predisposed with a trigger (internal and external)
=environmental+genetic (heritable)

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Schizophrenia

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統合失調症

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Positive symptoms

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one of the symptoms of schizophrenia:
most patients do not experience/ additional

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Delusions

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one of the positice symptoms:
persecution, reference, being controlled, grandeur, guilt, thought insertion an withdrawal

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Hallucinations

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one of the positive symptoms which is unreal:
tactile, taste, visual, olfactory, but usually auditory

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Negative symptoms

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one of the symptoms of schizophrenia:
slowing down of bodily movements, flattened affect etc.

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Alogia

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one of negative symptoms:
poverty of speech

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Avolition

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one of negative symptoms:
loss of basic drives and motivation

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Asociality

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Loss of desire to form relationships

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Anhedonia

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Loass of ability to experience pleasure

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Cognitive symptoms

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one of the symptoms of schizophrenia:
especially memory

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Prodromal

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an early symptom that indicate the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur

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Working memory

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the first-degree relatives of schizophrenia will be impaired on here/ best predictor of functional outcome

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N-back test

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one of the working memory tests:
relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia

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Blunted affect

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lack or decline in emotional response

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Characteristic symptoms

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2 or more of the symptoms each present for much of the time during a 1 month period or less are considered schizophrenia

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Paranoid

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妄想
one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/positive

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Catatonic

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緊張
one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/negative

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Disorganized

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one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/emotional distortion, blunting

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Undifferentiated

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one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/changeing symptoms

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Residual

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one of the subtypes of schizophrenia/remission, mild

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Genetic predisposition

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one of thhe biological factors: heritability

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Early enviromental disruptions

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one of the biological factors:
prenatal trauma, maternal influenza, oxygen deprivation during birth

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Neurodevelopmental abnormalities

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one of the biological factors:
abnormal pruning that leads to loss of cell bodies and grey matter

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Dopamine hypothesis

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a theory of which too much this substance cause schizophrenia

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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one of anxiety disorder:
un relenting worries but focused on any particular threat

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Phobis disorder

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one of anxiety disorders:
marked fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations

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Specific phobia

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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability

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Social phobia

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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

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Preparendness theory

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the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

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Panic disorder

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one of the anxiety disorders
:sudden occurence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

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Agoraphobic

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one symptoms of panic disorder:
an extreme fear of venturing into public space

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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one of the anxiety disorders:
primary symptoms is unwanted, recurrent thoughts and actions/ often take on exaggerated meaning

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Major depressive disorder

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a disorder characterized by a severely mood that last 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances

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Dysthymia

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same symptoms with major depressive disorder but less sever, lasts longer

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Double depression

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major depressive disorder + dysthymia

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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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depression causes in high latitude etc.

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Norepinephrine and serotonin

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drugs that affect these can reduce depression

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Helpless theory

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the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experience to causes that are internal and global

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Dissociative disorder

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a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years

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Dissoiative identity disorder (DID)

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the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior

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Dissociative amnesia

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the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information

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Dissociative figure

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the sudden loss of memory gor one's history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumptions of a new identity

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Biolar disorder

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an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood and low mood

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Personal disorder

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disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

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Antisocial personaility disorder

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a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood