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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Correlational Research
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ariables are measured but not manipulated
• Meant to reveal relationship to one another; not designed for causation • Example: o Variable 1: Hours outdoors each day o Variable 2: attention problems (#incidences of attention problems in school) |
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Strength of Correlational Research
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can study variables that cannot be manipulated
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Weakness of Correlational Research
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does not imply causation
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Experimental research
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• Random assignment
• Experimental & control groups |
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Strength of Experimental research
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rigorous control, causal interference
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weakness of experimental research
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not all variables can be manipulated
• Findings not always “real world” |
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What is the third variable problem
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Other variables (confounds) could account for the relationship between the variables
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why is replication important
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validates results
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What is random assignment and why is it important?
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Eliminates bias
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Independent variable
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Intentionally varied while another variable is measured (the treatment or condition)
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Dependent variable
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The variable that is measured while the independent variable is changed
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what is a confound
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o A variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined
o A variable that may account for outcomes and relationships between the variables o May mess your shtuff up |
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What are nature and nurture when it comes to explaining behavior and how do we think about the role of each in explaining behavior?
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• They interact to determine behavior
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What is classical conditioning
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• Pavlov: Dog hears bell expects food
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Operant conditioning
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• Stimulus àResponseàConsequence
• Response contingency – the association formed between the response and the consequence • The response is active/emitted (rather than elicited/passive) |
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UCS
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• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – stimulus that elicits automatic response without prior learning
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UCR
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• Unconditioned Response (UCR) – reflexive response to a stimulus
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CS
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• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – originally neutral – but that comes to elicit a response due to learning/conditioning
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CR
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Conditioned Response (CR) – a response that depends on pairing of US and CS, but over time, will be elicited by the CS alone
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What is a phobia and what is the role of classical conditioning in phobia?
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o Stimulus Generalization
o Learn solely from experience o Conditioned emotional response (fear conditioning) |
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What is shaping?
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• Training complex behavior using operant conditioning
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Reinforcements
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o Reinforcement- increases likelihood of desired behavior
• Positive reinforcement: • Reinforcer follows the desired behavior • Ex: allowance, praise (parenting) • Negative reinforcement: • Unpleasant consequence is removed following desired behavior • Ex: the buzzing sound goes away when you buckle seatbelt |
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Punishments
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o Punishment- decreases likelihood of undesired behavior
o Positive Punishment • Ex: failing grade for not studying o Negative Punishment • Undesired behavior is followed by removing a pleasant consequence • Ex: no dessert if get into fight with sibling |
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Parenting advice..
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don't punish, if you do, must very swiftly follow undesired behavior, for children may grow to fear you or be aggressive
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How is food aversion learned via classical conditioning?
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o CS: peanuts → avoid peanuts
o UCS: feelings of nausea (CR) |
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Sensation
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detecting
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Perceiving
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interpreting
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Gestalt laws of perception:
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Organization
• We make sense out of what we see o Proximity • We group bunches together o Similarity • We group similarity together o Good form • Continuation, closure |
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Top Down processing
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o Influenced by knowledge, expectations, previous experience
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Bottoms up processing
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o Initiated by stimulus
• New to us |
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implicit memory
(Nondeclarative) |
Memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills we preform automatically once we have mastered them; subconscious
Implicit (procedural) memories – those learned motor memories that are largely unconscious |
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Explicit memory
(Declarative) |
Knowledge that consists of the conscious recall of facts and events
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What is reconsolidation?
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The process of recalling and re-storing a memory
Can lead to changing the original memory |
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Drive theories of motivation and what kinds of behavior they explain best
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Motivation comes in response to internal imbalances, drives push us to reduce the imbalance
Goal is homeostasis - “maintaining physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point” o Body temperature Set point – “ideal, fixed setting of a particular physiological system” |
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs – the levels and the theory
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Physiological (food, water, sex) → safety (housing) → belonging/love/support (fam) → esteem respect → self-actualization
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Yerkes-Dodson Law and arousal/performance
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We actually seek intermediate levels of stimulation
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Self-aware people
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are more likely to behave in accordance with their values
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eustress
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good stress (marriage)
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distress
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bad stress (fired)
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chronic stress
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long term (cancer, high allostatic load)
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acute stress
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short-term (deadline)
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Selye’s theory of general adaptation to stress and the 3 stages in order
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o The alarm phase
• Stress (or fight-or-flight) response • Glucocorticoids o The resistance phase • Adaptation • Fewer white blood cells, immunity down o The exhaustion phase • Resources are depleted |
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Role of stress in cancer
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Raises blood pressure, can feed cancer.
Affects growth of cancerous tumors |
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Effects of meditation discussed in class
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Many positive benefits. Increased awareness, less stress.
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Deci & Ryan ideas about external rewards like money and effects on motivation
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Self-determination theory. Getting paid for something will make you less interested in it.
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Happiness broadens scope of attention;
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fear narrows scope of attention
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Main findings from Milgram’s Obedience study
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That people will obey orders if an authority figure takes the blame.
Feel the need to please others |
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Beck’s theory of thoughts and depression
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Depressed people have negative views on humanity & future --> themselves
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How different levels of analysis are considered in explaining mental illness and behavior (person thoughts, biology, group/environment)
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Different factors are considered.
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Distinction between clinical disorders and personality disorders
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Personality disorders are lifelong and can lead to persistent life/social problems; also no obsessions or compulsions.
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Central assumption of Freud’s theory
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Unconscious wishes and desires largely influence behavior and personality.
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Most common mental disorder in U.S.
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Depression
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Diathesis-stress model of mental illness
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3 factors affecting mental illness. Environment and number of stressors, individual vulnerabilities, behavioral/emotional symptoms.
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Role of culture in determining what is a mental illness
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Culture decides what is acceptable behavior.
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• Consciousness
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quality or state of being aware of an external object or something within oneself.
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• Transduction
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the transportation or transformation of something from one form, place or concept to another.
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• Motivation
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- defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.
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• Fundamental attribution error-
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emphasis on the personality, lack of emphasis on situation
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• Cognitive dissonance
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- mental discomfort due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudes and behaviors.
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• Personality
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- characteristics, emotional response, thoughts and behaviors that are relatively stable over time.
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