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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give examples of the 3 paradox of progress |
- Technological advancements in creating time-saving devices - Range of choices available to people today - Modern technologies has given us unprecedented control over the world around us |
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Self-help books suffer from what 4 short comings? (PELE) |
- Psychobabble: Coined by R. D. Rosen - Emphasis on sales then scientific soundness - Lack explicit directions on how to change your behaviour - Encourage self-centered narcissistic approach to life |
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What should you look for in self help book? |
- Clarity - Not much promises made - The authors credentials - The research basis of the program they advocate - Provides directions on how to change - Focuses on specific problem |
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What is psychology? |
- Psychology is the studies behaviour and thephysiological and mental processes that underlines it. - The profession applies the knowledge to this science to practical process |
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What does adjustment refer to? |
The psychological processes people go through to cope with the demand of everyday life. |
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- Explain the empiricism approach and - The advantages of the scientific approach to behaviour. |
- Empiricism is obtained through observation - Clarity and precision - Intolerance of error |
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Define the following: - Naturalistic observation - Case studies |
- Researchers observe participants without intervening. - Case studies: In-depth investigation of an individual |
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What are some factors that are unrelated to happiness? (Magpip)
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- Money - Age - Gender - Parenthood - Intelligence - Physical attractiveness |
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What are some factors that are related to happiness? |
- Relationships - Work - Genetics |
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List 3 steps to develop good study habits? |
- Set up a study schedule - Find a place where you can concentrate - Reward your studying |
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Define personality and personality trait |
- Personality: An individual unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits. - Personality trait: A durable disposition to behave in given way in various situations |
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What is the 5 factor to personality (OCEAN) |
- Openness - Conscientiousness - Extraversion - Agreeableness - Neuroticism |
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Define: - ID - Ego - Super-ego |
- ID: primitive instinctive part of the personality - Ego: Decision making part of the personality - Super-ego: Moral component of personality - grows out of the ego between ages 3-5. |
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Define the following defence mechanisms: - Repression - Projection - Displacement - Reaction formation - Regression - Identification |
- Repression: Pushing distressing thoughts to the unconscious - Projection: Attributing ones own thoughts and desires to another. - Displacement: Diverting one's emotional feelings from the original source to another. - Reaction formation: Behaving in a way that is opposite to ones true feelings - Regression: Reversion to immature patterns of behaviour - Identification: Bolstering self-esteem by joining a group |
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What are the psychosexual stages Freud described? |
- Oral: between ages 0-1 - Anal: ages 2-3 - Phallic: ages 4-5, genitals (masturbation), oedipal crises - Latency: ages 6-12, sexual repression - Puberty: Genitals, being sexually intimate |
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What is classical conditioning? |
- When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus |
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________ is responsible for many people's irrational fears |
Classical conditioning |
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What is operant conditioning? |
- Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. |
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What is self-efficacy? |
- One's believe that one's behaviour would lead to expected outcomes |
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what is self-concept What is incongruence? |
- A collection of beliefs of ones nature, unique qualities and typical behaviours. eg ones mental picture of themselves - Disparity between ones self-concept and actual experiences |
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_____ fosters congruence. and ______ fosters incongruence. |
- Unconditional love - Conditional love |
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What is sensation seeking? |
- The preference of high or low levels of sensory stimulation. |
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What is stress? |
- Any circumstance that threatens or is perceived as a threat to one's well being, and therefore tax one's coping abilities. |
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What are the 2 stress appraisals? |
- Primary appraisal: Evaluate the event to know whether its stressful. - Secondary appraisal: Evaluate your coping abilities to handle the stress. |
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Distinguish between: - Acute stressor - Chronic stressor - Anticipatory stressor |
- Acute: threatening events that are short term - Chronic: Threatening events that are long term - Anticipatory: Upcoming events perceived to be threatening. |
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Define Frustration |
- Any situation in which pursuit of goal is thwarted |
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Differentiate between the 3 types of internal conflicts |
- Approach- Approach: When a decision has to be made about two attractive options - Approach- Avoidance: When a decision has pros and cons - Avoidance- Avoidance: When a decision has to be made about 2 unattractive options |
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_____ involves demands to behave in a certain way |
- Pressure: to perform/ conform |
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- What is general stress adaptations? |
- The model of the body's response to stress which includes: - Alarm: Recognizes existence of threat - Resistance - Exhaustion |
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What are psychosomatic diseases? |
Physical ailments caused by stress and other psychological factors |
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What are the 3 positive impact of stress? |
- Promote psychological change - Satisfy the need for stimulation and change - Prepare individuals so they are less affect by tomorrow's stress. |
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______ explain setbacks as _________ - Optimistic - Pessimistic |
- Optimistic: Temporary situational issues - Pessimistic: Personal shortcomings |
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As tasks becomes more complex the optimal level of arousal tends to _______ |
Decrease |
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What are the moderator variables |
- Social support - Hardiness - Optimism |
