Psyc 120 Midterm 2

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Archival research

Back 1

The use of existing sources of information for research. Sources include statistical records, survey archives, and written records.

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Experimenter bias

Back 2

Any intentional/ unintentional influence on subjects by the experimenter to induce a result

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Coding system

Back 3

A set of rules used to categorize observations.

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Content analysis

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Systematic analysis of recorded communications.

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Contrived observation

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"Set up" observation

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Positive bias

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Tends to exist rather than explicitly seeking out those occurrences that are NOT predicted by the working hypothesis

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Narrative records

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Full descriptions of a participant's behavior

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Negative case analysis

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In field observation, an examination of observations that do not fit with the explanatory structure devised by the researcher.

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Psychobiography

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A type of case study in which the life of an individual is analyzed using psychological theory.

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Reactivity

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A problem of measurement in which the measure changes the behavior being observed.

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Reliability

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The degree to which a measure is consistent.

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Systemic observation

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Observations of one or more specific variables, usually made in a precisely defined setting.

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External validity

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The degree to which the results of an experiment may be generalized.

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Subjectivity

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Being open minded in observation

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Confidence interval

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An interval of values within which there is a given level of confidence (e.g., 95%) where the population value lies.

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Graphic rating scale

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(______________________)

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Non-verbal rating scale

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:-) :-| :-(

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Likert rating scale

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Strongly Agree -- Strongly Disagree

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Guttman rating scale

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Cumulative items presuppose prior are true

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Interviewer bias

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Intentional or unintentional influence exerted by an interviewer in such a way that the actual or interpreted behavior of respondents is consistent with the interviewer's expectations.

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Response rate

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The percentage of people selected for a sample who actually completed a survey.

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Response set

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A pattern of response to questions on a self-report measure that is not related to the content of the questions.

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Cluster sampling

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A probability sampling method in which existing groups or geographic areas, called clusters, are identified. Clusters are randomly sampled and then everyone in the selected clusters participates in the study.

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Nonprobability sampling

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Type of sampling procedure in which one cannot specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample.

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Probability sampling

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Type of sampling procedure in which one is able to specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample.

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Purposive sampling

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A type of haphazard sample conducted to obtain predetermined types of individuals for the sample.

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Quota sampling

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A sampling procedure in which the sample is chosen to reflect the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population. A haphazard sampling technique is used to obtain the sample.

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Simple random sampling

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A sampling procedure in which each member of the population has an equal probability of being included in the sample.

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Stratified random sampling

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A probability sampling method in which a population is divided into subpopulation groups called strata; individuals are then randomly sampled from each of the strata.

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Sampling frame

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The individuals or clusters of individuals in a population who might actually be selected for inclusion in the sample.

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Confound

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A variable that is not controlled in a research investigation.

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Counterbalancing

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A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measures design by either including all orders of treatment presentation or randomly determining the order for each subject.

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Internal validity

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The certainty with which results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other, confounding variable.

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Independent groups

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An experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group. Also called between-subjects design.

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Repeated measures

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An experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group. Also called within-subjects design.

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Matched pairs design

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A method of assigning subjects to groups in which pairs of subjects are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to groups.

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Mortality (Attrition)

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The loss of subjects who decide to leave an experiment.

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Posttest Only Design

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A true experimental design in which the dependent variable (posttest) is measured only once, after manipulation of the independent variable.

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Pretest -posttest

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A true experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured both before (pretest) and after (posttest) manipulation of the independent variable.

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Solomon 4 group design

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Experimental design in which the experimental and control groups are studied with and without a pretest.

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Carryover effect

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A problem that may occur in repeated measures designs if the effects of one treatment are still present when the next treatment is given.

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Contrast effect

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Orange juice and toothpaste; effects of one experiment influence another

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Ceiling effect

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Failure of a measure to detect a difference because it was too easy

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Floor effect

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Failure of a measure to detect a difference because it was too difficult

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Confederate

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A person posing as a participant in an experiment who is actually part of the experiment.

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Demand characteristics

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Cues that inform the subject how he or she is expected to behave.

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Double blind

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A procedure wherein both the experimenter and the participant are unaware of whether the participant is in the experimental (treatment) or the control condition.

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Electroencephalogram

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A measure of the electrical activity of the brain.

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Functional MRI

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Magnetic resonance imaging uses a magnet to obtain scans of structures of the brain.

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Galvanic skin response

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The electrical conductance of the skin, which changes when sweating occurs.

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Expectancy / Experimenter bias

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Any intentional or unintentional influence that the experimenter exerts on subjects to confirm the hypothesis under investigation.

Front 52

Filler items

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Items included in a questionnaire measure to help disguise the true purpose of the measure.

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Manipulation check

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A measure used to determine whether the manipulation of the independent variable has had its intended effect on a subject.

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Pilot study

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A small-scale study conducted prior to conducting an actual experiment; designed to test and refine procedures.

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Placebo control

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In drug research, a group given an inert substance to assess the psychological effect of receiving a treatment.

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Sensitivity

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The ability of a measure to detect differences between groups.

Front 57

Factor levels

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Multiple levels of the IV can be used to determine the shape of the relationship between the IV and the DV

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Participant variable

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A characteristic of the research participant such as gender, age, personality, or ability.

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IV x DV design

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A factorial design that includes both an experimental independent variable (IV) and a nonexperimental participant variable (PV).

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Factorial design

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A design in which all levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variables. A factorial design allows investigation of the separate main effects and interactions of two or more independent variables.

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Main effect

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The direct effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable.

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Interaction

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Situation in which the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable changes, depending on the level of another independent variable.

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Simple main effect

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In a factorial design, the effect of one independent variable at a particular level of another independent variable.

Front 64

Within subject design

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An experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group. Also called repeated measures design.

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Between subject design

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An experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group. Also called independent groups design.

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Mixed design

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A design that includes both independent groups (between-subjects) and repeated measures (within-subjects) variables.

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Moderator variables

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A variable that influences the nature of the relationship between two other variables (an independent variable and a dependent variable). In a factorial design, the effect of the moderator variable is revealed as an interaction.

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Qualitative research

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Focuses on the qualities of the interaction; tends to involve natural settings

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Quantitative research

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Focuses on measured quantities; measurement of behaviors

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High frequency scale

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