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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intuition |
An effortless and immediate feeling or thought that contrasts with explicit reasoning
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Hindsight Bias |
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
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Critical Thinking |
A type of thinking that takes special care to examine assumptions, appraise sources, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions |
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Theory |
An explanation that uses an integrated set of principles and predicts behaviours or events |
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Hypothesis |
A testable prediction that is often based on a theory |
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Operational Definition |
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study |
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Replication |
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different subjects in different situations, to test the flexible limits of basic findings |
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Case Study |
A descriptive technique wherein one individual or group is studied extensively in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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Naturalistic Observation |
A descriptive technique of observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the circumstances |
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Survey |
A descriptive technique used to obtain the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular demographic, usually using a random sample |
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Population |
All those in a group being studied from which a sample may be drawn |
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Random Sample |
A sample that fairly represents a population due to the fact that every member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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Correlation |
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either one predicts the other |
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Correlation Coefficient |
A statistical index of the relationship between two things |
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Scatterplot |
A graphed cluster of dots that represents the values of two variables. The amount of scatter indicates varying correlation, and the slope suggests the direction of their relationship |
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Regression Toward the Mean |
The tendency for unusual data or events to regress towards the average |
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Experiment |
A research method wherein an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process |
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Experimental Group |
The group exposed to the treatment, one version of the independent variable |
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Control Group |
The group not exposed to the treatment, and serves as a comparison to the experimental group for evaluation |
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Random Assignment |
Assigning participants to the control and experimental groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing differences |
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Double-blind Procedure |
An experiment in which both the staff and participants are ignorant of whether the participants have experienced the treatment or a placebo |
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Placebo Effect |
Experimental results that are caused by expectations alone |
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Independent Variable
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A factor that is manipulated, and the effects of which are the object of a study |
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Confounding Variable |
A factor other than the independent variable which may cause an effect |
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Dependent Variable |
The outcome that is measured, and may change as the independent variable is manipulated |
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Informed Consent |
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they want to participate |
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Debriefing |
The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to the participants |
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Mode |
The most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
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Mean |
The arithmetic average of a distribution |
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Median |
The intermediary score in a distribution
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Range |
The difference between the highest and lowest values |
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Standard Deviation |
A measure of how much scores vary around the mean |
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Normal Curve |
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes a common distribution |
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Statistical Significance |
A statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
