Psyc 100

Front 1

When Ali first had corrective braces put on his teeth, the pressure and tension were very uncomfortable. Now however, he barely notices his braces. Why?

Back 1

The pressure is constant, his sensory receptors have adapted

Front 2

What is necessary for sound?

Back 2

A medium such as air, fluctuations in the pressure of a medium, and vibrations of an object.

Front 3

Ashanti cannot hear. All of the structures in her hearing system work, except for those that transduce the sound waves. Ashanti's _______ do not work; therefore, she has _______ deafness.

Back 3

Hair cells; nerve
Hair cells are the transduction mechanisms for hearing

Front 4

Place theory proposes a _________ code for sensing pitch; the frequency-matching theory proposes a __________ code.

Back 4

Spatial; temporal

Front 5

Contra-lateral representation in sensation means that?

Back 5

the cortex builds sensory representations of the opposite side of the world.

Front 6

What structures are necessary for the transduction of light energy?

Back 6

photoreceptors, rods and cones, and photopigments
Transduction is the conversion of stimulus energy into neural energy

Front 7

A villain is trying to obliterate the visual system of his arch nemesis. If he destroys the _________, then his nemesis will be unable to see color.

Back 7

iodospin (it initiates the transduction process)

Front 8

which of the following would cause the least amount of lateral inhibition to occur?

A) Looking at a spiderweb covered with dew in the morning sun
B) Looking at a zebra's black and white stripes
C) Looking at a green refrigerator's surface

Back 8

C

Front 9

While Becky watched a basket ball game on TV, Cindy asked her, 'Is this OK for dinner?" Based on Becky's peripheral vision she said okay only to find that she was given Brussels sprouts. Becky realized that her visual acuity was not very good because she was relying primarily on _________?

Back 9

rods

Front 10

Women are more likely than men to have four distinct photo-pigments, which means that women?

Back 10

will have a richer experience of color than people who do not

Front 11

A projection-screen TV has a separate box that aims green, red, and blue lights at the screen, by combining the different lights in differing amounts, it fits best with the __________ theory of color vision

Back 11

trichromatic

Front 12

When Julia says that the color red tastes tart and the color pink tastes sweet to her, she is describing her sense of?

Back 12

synesthesia

Front 13

Which sense does not send info through the thalamus on its way to the cortex?

A) Hearing
B) Vision
C) Olfaction
D) Somatosensory

Back 13

C
axons leaving the olfactory bulb travel to many parts of the brain, especially the amygdala

Front 14

the taste sensation that enhances other senses is known as?

Back 14

umami

Front 15

For the auditory sense, the physical dimension of wave amplitude corresponds to the psychological experience of _________; the physical dimension of wave frequency corresponds to the psychological experience of __________.

Back 15

loudness; pitch

Front 16

Which theory suggests that pitch is determined by the location of movement along the basilar membrane?

Back 16

Place theory

Front 17

The process of lateral inhibition allows the brain to see

Back 17

more distinct contrasts in stimuli

Front 18

Evelyn put on sunglasses that had a red tint. After wearing them for a few minutes she took them off and everything she saw now had a green tint. The cells directly responsible for this after-image were Evelyn's ________ ________. The theory that best explains the after-image is the __________ theory.

Back 18

ganglion cells; opponent-process

Front 19

The brain structure through which each eye's optic nerve crosses over to the opposite side of the brain is the

Back 19

optic chasm

Front 20

What are accessory structures?

Back 20

structure that first comes into contact with stimulation from the environment and collects this information

Front 21

What are sensory receptors?

Back 21

specialized cells within each accessory structure which respond stimulation by generating a neural signal

Front 22

Temporal Code

Back 22

Attributes of a stimulus are
coded using changes in the
timing of neural firing

Front 23

Spatial Code

Back 23

Attributes of a stimulus is
coded in terms of the location
of firing neurons relative to
their neighbors

Front 24

conduction deafness

Back 24

– The three tiny bones of the middle ear are fused together, which prevents accurate reproduction of vibrations.
– Surgery can break bones apart or replace them with plastic ones. Hearing aids can also help.

Front 25

Nerve deafness

Back 25

– Results when the auditory nerve or the hair cells are damaged—this can happen with extended exposure to loud noise

Front 26

Place Theory (spatial code)

Back 26

- hair cells at a particular place on the basilar membrane respond most to a particular frequency of sound
- but doesn’t work for low frequencies because there are no auditory nerve fibers that have very low preferred frequencies

Front 27

Frequency Matching Theory (temporal code)

Back 27

- firing rate of an auditory nerve matches a sound wave’s frequency
- we can only code like this up to 1,000 Hz (1,000 peaks /s) because neurons cannot fire more than 1,000 action potentials per second

Front 28

Light: intensity

Back 28

how much energy light has
determines brightness

Front 29

Wavelengths

Back 29

distance between peaks
determines color

Front 30

Lateral inhibition

Back 30

photoreceptors inhibit nearby cells, enhance contrast

Front 31

Opponent-process theory

Back 31

Explains afterimages
• Visual elements sensitive to color are grouped into 3 pairs, where each pair member inhibits the other.
• Red - green
• Blue - yellow
• Black - white

Front 32

Perception: Computational

Back 32

bottom-up processing: start with details about something then arrive at a conclusion

Front 33

Perception: Contructivist

Back 33

top-down processing: expectations, experience-dependent, and filling the missing thing in

Front 34

Perception: Ecological

Back 34

automatic processing
cares about the function of the world around us

Front 35

overt attention

Back 35

move your eyes

Front 36

covert attention

Back 36

shift attention

Front 37

Absolute Threshold

Back 37

how much energy is needed to trigger a conscious experience

Front 38

Signal Detection Theory

Back 38

intensity of the signal
capacity of sensory system
amount of background "noise"

Front 39

Just-Noticeable-Difference: Weber's Law

Back 39

the smallest detectable difference in energy is a constant fraction of stimulus intensity.
Smaller K: a sense is more
sensitive to differences
Larger K: a sense is less sensitive to differences

Front 40

Fechner’s Law

Back 40

- a low-intensity stimulus needs small energy change to seem twice as great
- a high-intensity stimulus needs large energy change to seem twice as great

Front 41

Perceptual Organization

Back 41

-Simplicity: Organize elements to provide simplest perception

-Likelihood: Organize elements based on most likely arrangement

Front 42

Dualism

Back 42

The mind and body are separate.
The soul interacts with the brain
through the pineal gland.

Front 43

Materialism

Back 43

The mind is the result of interactions of neurons in the brain. Mind = brain.

Front 44

Conscious

Back 44

Mental activity that you are aware of.
Ex) Thoughts

Front 45

Nonconscious

Back 45

mental activity you are not aware of.
Ex) regulating blood pressure

Front 46

Preconscious

Back 46

mental activity you are not aware of but can become aware of.
Ex) recalling what you ate for dinner the night before

Front 47

Unconscious

Back 47

mental activity that influences consciousness, but is not conscious

Front 48

Priming

Back 48

• People respond faster and more accurately to stimuli they have seen previously, even if they cannot recall seeing the stimuli
• Behavior can be influenced by previous experiences without our awareness

Front 49

Sleep

Back 49

consciousness ranges from alert (waking state) to passive (deep sleep), when most external stimuli are blocked from senses

Front 50

Altered states of consciousness

Back 50

changes in mental processing cause differences in perception/behavior
– psychoactive drugs
– hypnosis

Front 51

Insomnia

Back 51

Fatigue resulting from little sleep or difficulty falling asleep
• Sleep difficulty must last longer than one month to count as insomnia

Front 52

Narcolepsy

Back 52

an abrupt switch from active waking state to REM sleep
• since muscle tone is lost in REM sleep, narcoleptics collapse when switch occurs

Front 53

Sleep apnea

Back 53

Breathing stops briefly during sleep
• Awaken just long enough to resume breathing
• Don’t feel rested

Front 54

Hypnosis: state theory

Back 54

altered state of consciousness

Front 55

Hypnosis: role theory

Back 55

subjects under hypnosis act in accordance with hypnotized role (they simply comply)

Front 56

Hypnosis: dissociative theory

Back 56

subjects split various aspects of their behavior and perceptions from the ‘self’ and share some control with the hypnotist

Front 57

Antagonist

Back 57

prevent neurotransmitters from binding with receptors

Front 58

Agonist

Back 58

mimic effects of neurotransmitters

Front 59

Effects of caffeine

Back 59

Increases behavioral and mental
activity

Front 60

Effects of opiates

Back 60

(opium, morphine, heroin, codeine)
Induce sleep and relieve pain…
but highly addictive!

Front 61

Effects of hallucinogens

Back 61

(LSD, ketamine, marijuana)
Create a loss of contact with reality; alter aspects of emotion, perception, thought.

Front 62

Reliability of a test:
Test-retest
Alternate form
Split-half

Back 62

Test-retest: Compare same test twice
◦ e.g., Take WAIS in 2005 and 2007

Alternate form: Compare 2 forms of test
◦ e.g., Take WAIS and then Stanford-Binet 5

Split-half: Compare 2 comparable halves of the test
◦ e.g., Compare WAIS 1/2 verbal to 2/2 verbal

Front 63

Validity of a test
Content
Construct
Criterion
Predictive

Back 63

Content: provide a measure of the entire domain
◦ e.g., does it actually measure all “types” of intelligence?

Construct: actually measure the theoretical construct
◦ e.g., does it measure intelligence at all?

Criterion: correlate with another criterion
◦ e.g., IQ score correlate with independent measure?

Predictive: predict future performance
◦ One type of criterion validity
◦ e.g., can IQ predict success at school, work?

Front 64

Binet-Simon intelligence scale

Back 64

Mental age
 A child's level of mental development relative to others
 If MA (mental age) = CA (chronological age), then “regular” intelligence

Front 65

Instinct theory

Back 65

-Human behavior is explained by automatic, unlearned responses to particular stimuli (instincts)

-Consistent with the evolutionary approach
-
Behaviors are present because they were adaptive (they promoted individual survival and reproduction in our ancestors’ environment)

Front 66

Drive reduction theory

Back 66

-Much motivation arises from constant imbalances in homeostasis

-Homeostasis is the tendency for organisms to keep their physiological systems at a stable, steady level by constantly adjusting themselves in response to change

-Need (Imbalance)  Drive (prompt to action)

-Primary drives: arise from basic biological needs

-Secondary drives: are learned

Front 67

Optimal Arousal theory

Back 67

-Arousal is a general level of activation that is reflected in several physiological systems, such as brain activity, heart rate, muscle tension

-Arousal Theory: People are motivated to behave in ways that maintain an optimal level of arousal for them individually

Front 68

Incentive theory

Back 68

-Behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli

---Why are there differences between people then?

-Different values placed on incentives (cognitive,
cultural, social influences)

-Different physiological states

Front 69

Approach-approach
Avoidance-avoidance
Approach-avoidance
Mutiple approach-avoidance

Back 69

Approach-Approach: two options, both desirable

--party 1 vs. party 2
Avoidance-Avoidance: two options, both undesirable

--pay a fine vs. go to jail
Approach-Avoidance: one option, desirable & undesirable qualities

--date at a nice restaurant: elegant but $$$$
Multiple Approach-Avoidance: more than one option, desirable & undesirable qualities

--college 1 vs. college 2

Front 70

James Peripheral theory

Back 70

-Certain emotional states are associated with different patterns of anatomic changes

-Lie detector tests based on this theory

-Making a certain face seems to create matching anatomic reaction and emotional sensation

-What about people who can’t feel peripheral
responses?

Front 71

Cannon's Central theory

Back 71

We experience emotions right away

Front 72

Cognitive Theories

Back 72

Autonomic nervous system
• Cold and clammy hands
• Increased perspiration
• Dilated pupils
• Increased heartbeat
• Knots in your stomach

Front 73

Personality: Psychodynamic approach

Back 73

--Based on case studies
--Little empirical evidence
Basic tenets:
--Constant internal mental
struggle (psycho – mind,
dynamic – movement)
--Unconscious processes
influence behavior

Front 74

Psychodynamic: Freud's Id, ego, and superego

Back 74

--Id: “Pleasure principle”
--Superego: Morals
--Ego: Resolves the conflict (“reality principle”)

Front 75

Psychosexual stages

Back 75

1) Oral
Pleasure center Mouth
Fixation
Focused on oral
stimulation
Dependency
2) Anal
Pleasure center anus
Fixation
Anal retentive
Anal expulsive
3) Phallic (4-6 yrs)
Pleasure center genitals
Oedipal/Electra complex
Parental Identification
4) Latency (7-11 yrs)
Pleasure center: none
Sublimation of sexual and
aggressive urges
5) Genital (12+ yrs)
Mature sexual
relationships

Front 76

8 defense mechanisms

Back 76

• Repression: Make it unconscious
• Denial: Claim it doesn’t exist
• Rationalization: Make it sound reasonable
• Displacement: Direct it towards someone
else
• Reaction Formation: Do the exact opposite
• Projection: Attribute it to someone else
• Compensation: Make up for it some other way
• Sublimation: Channel it into something productive

Front 77

Type theories

Back 77

--Type – a qualitatively defined category.

--You belong in one group or another.
Examples:
Freud: orally fixated, anally fixated
Caspi: well-adjusted, maladjusted over-controlling, maladjusted undercontrolling

Front 78

Trait theories

Back 78

--Trait – a characteristic attribute intrinsic to the person, stable across time and situations

--Often thought of as dimensions, with variability from low to high
Examples:
Relaxed------Tense
Optimistic-----Negative
Neat-----------Sloppy

Front 79

Gray's approach inhibition theory
--Behavior Approach System (BAS)

--Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Back 79

--Behavior Approach System (BAS)
• Affects sensitivity to rewards
• High on this – seek rewards!

--Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
• Affects sensitivity to punishments
• High on this – avoid punishments!

Front 80

Social-Cognitive approach

Back 80

--Characteristics of individuals are acquired through learning

--also emphasizes the influence of social situations on personality, cognitive factors such as expectations, and personal dispositions

Front 81

Rotter's Expectancy theory

Back 81

--Internal control – expect events to be controlled by their own efforts

--External control – expect events to be controlled by forces over which they have no control

Front 82

Humanistic approach

Back 82

--Everyone has a unique world view
--Innate motivation for growth

Front 83

Roger's Self theory

Back 83

Personality is shaped by both our actualization
tendency and by others’ evaluations of us
--Self-concept: the way one think of oneself
--Congruence

--Condition of worth: feeling experienced when a person, not their behavior, is evaluated

Front 84

Personality Disorder: Odd-ecentric cluster

Back 84

Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal

Front 85

Personality Disorder: Anxious-fearful cluster

Back 85

Dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and avoidant

Front 86

Personality Disorder: Dramatic-erratic

Back 86

Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial

Front 87

Anxiety Disorders

Back 87

Characterized by distressing, persistent, or disruptive anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Front 88

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 88

Excessive, lasting anxiety, not on one object or situation
►Free-floating anxiety for > 6 mos
►Worry, irritable, tired, can’t concentrate

Front 89

Panic Disorder

Back 89

--Recurrent, uncued panic attacks

--Followed by worry about having more

--Panic attack = period of intense anxiety with abrupt onset

--physiological symptoms: e.g. sweating, heart pounding

--psychological symptoms: e.g. fear of dying or going crazy

Front 90

Diathesis; Stress

Back 90

Diathesis:

--inherited biological characteristics
-- parental modeling of anxious behavior

--lack of perceived control
► Stress:

exposure to traumatic event ongoing stressors
► Combine to produce anxiety disorders

Front 91

Schizophrenia
Symptoms

Back 91

A severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior
Symptoms:
►Disorganized thought and language

-Neologisms

-loose associations, clang associations

-Word salad (“Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”)
►Content of thought is disturbed
-Ideas of reference

-Delusions of grandeur

-Thought broadcasting

-Thought withdrawal

-Thought insertion

Front 92

Types of Schizophrenia

Back 92

Paranoid
– delusions of grandeur or persecution
Disorganized
– delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, neglected
personal hygiene
Catatonic
– Disordered movement, immobility to wild excitement
Undifferentiated
– Don’t fit easily into other subtype
Residual
– not currently displaying symptoms

Front 93

Dissociative Disorders

Back 93

Sudden, usually temporary
disruption in person’s memory,
consciousness or identity.

Front 94

Types of Dissociative Disorders

Back 94

►Dissociative Amnesia
Sudden loss of memory
►Dissociative Fugue
Sudden loss of memory AND the assumption of a new identity in a new locale
►Dissociative Identity Disorder (i.e. multiple personality disorder) A person reports having more than one identity

--Most DID patients suffered severe abuse in childhood

--Rare, but on the rise

Front 95

Somatoform Disorders

Back 95

Psychological problems that take on a physical form, but have no physical cause

Front 96

Somatoform Disorder: Conversion Disorder

Back 96

►Loss of some physical ability w/o physical cause (blindness, deafness, paralysis, numbness, fainting..)

-->Lack of concern

-->Not malingering

Front 97

Hypochondriasis

Back 97

Strong, unjustified conviction that one has a serious disease

-->Seeks treatment

-->Becomes expert

Front 98

Causes of Somatoform Disorders

Back 98

• Childhood experiences (learning?)
• Severe stressors
• Bio/psychological traits (self-consciousness, sensitivity)
• Sociocultural factor

Front 99

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 99

►Sad, hopeless for 2 weeks or more
►Anhedonia – loss of pleasure

Front 100

Dysthymia

Back 100

►Similar to major depression, but symptoms less severe and longer lasting

-->Duration at least 2 years

Front 101

Bipolar 1

Back 101

►Alternates between deep depression and mania

--Mania – active, elated emotional state
►Symptoms:
--Inflated self-esteem

--Decreased need for sleep

--More talkative than usual

--Flights of ideas or racing thoughts

--Extreme distractibility

--Increase in goal-directed activity

--Excessive involvement in high risk, pleasurable activity

Front 102

Bipolar 2

Back 102

►Alternates between deep depression and hypomania

--Hypomania – less extreme mania

Front 103

Cyclothymic Disorder

Back 103

►Alternates between depression and hypomania, but less severe

Front 104

Causes of mood disorders
--Biological
--Psychological

Back 104

►Biological

-->genetic influence

-->malfunctioning mood centers of the brain

-->neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
►Psychological

-->learned helplessness

-->attribution style

-->what do you do when you start to feel depresses

Front 105

Types of therapists:
Psychiatrist
Psychologist
Master's Degree Level
Paraprofessionals
"Quacks"

Back 105

• Psychiatrist
– M.D., specialized in the treatment of mental disorders
• Psychologist
– Doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology
• Master’s Degree level professionals
– Clinical social workers, marriage and family therapists,
licensed professional counselors
• Paraprofessionals
– Psychiatric nurses, substance abuse counselors
• “Quacks”
– Talk show hosts, your friend the psych major

Front 106

Psychodynamic Approach
Theory
Goal of therapy
Therapist's Role
Duration

Back 106

• Theory of Disorder
– Unconscious conflict (id, ego, superego)
• Goal of therapy
– Bring the conflict to light
• Therapist’s role
– Neutral expert
– Exploring the meaning of the past
• Duration
– 3-5 times a week for years

Front 107

Psychodynamic approach
Theory (detailed)
Goal (detailed)

Back 107

• Theory of Disorder
– most of the problems stem from clients’ relationships
with others (e.g. mothers or other early caregiver)
– and how those problems continue in interactions with
new people
• Goal
– direct client’s attention to evidence of certain conflicts
– develop a nurturing relationships with the clients

Front 108

Humanistic Approach
Theory
Goal of therapy
Therapist's Role
Duration

Back 108

• Theory of disorder
– Clients have been prevented from self-actualization
(e.g. distorted perceptions or lack of awareness of feelings)
• Goals of therapy
– self-acceptance
– remove distorted perceptions blocking self-awareness and
actualization
• Therapist’s role: an equal and a confidant

Front 109

Humanistic Principles

Back 109

--People have free will and choice over how they think, feel, and behave, as well as the capacity for self-actualization

-->Assumptions of Humanistic psychotherapy
1. Treatment is an encounter between equals
2. Clients will improve on their own, given the right conditions
3. Ideal conditions: client feels fully accepted and supported
4. Clients must remain responsible for choosing how they will think and behave

Front 110

Humanistic: Client-centered therapy

Back 110

• Methods
– Unconditional positive regard
– Empathy
• Active listening
• Reflection
• Congruence (genuineness)

Front 111

Humanistic: Gestalt Therapy

Back 111

• Goal of therapy
– Unify the self
• Methods
– Focus on the present
– Help patients become aware of their feelings
– Directly point out inconsistencies
– Analysis of body language
– imaginary “conversations” with others or themselves

Front 112

Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
Theory
Goal of therapy
Therapist's Role
Duration

Back 112

• Theory of disorder
– Disorders come from errors in thinking (illogical or irrational beliefs)
• Goal of therapy
– Correct the beliefs
• Therapist’s role
– Teacher, logician

Front 113

Behavioral therapies
Theory
Goal of therapy
Therapist's Role
Duration

Back 113

• Theory of disorder
– people’s actions are based on learning, conditioning, and
past experiences
• Goal of treatment
– use classical/operant conditioning principles to change
behavior
• Therapist’s role
• teacher/trainer
• Focus on here and now, and the current problematic behaviors

Front 114

Behavioral therapy methods

Back 114

• Systematic desensitization:
------Teach relaxation technique and cognitive strategies

--Develop a fear hierarchy

--Gradual exposure to the feared object
• Modeling
• Flooding
• Positive reinforcement:The desired behavior is followed by pleasant stimulus
• Extinction:Remove the reinforcer that normally follows the behavior
• Punishment:The unwanted behavior is followed by an unpleasant stimulus
• Aversive conditioning:Associate the unwanted behavior (simultaneously) with
nausea, painful electrical shock, or other unpleasant stimulus

Front 115

Biological treatments: Psychoactive drugs

Back 115

--Psychoactive Drugs
◦ Neuroleptics or antipsychotics (schizophrenia)
◦ Antidepressants (depression)
◦ Lithium and anticonvulsants (bipolar)
◦ Anxiolytics (anxiety disorder)

Front 116

Social Comparison: Downward comparison

Back 116

--compare ourselves to people we think are worse than ourselves

--protects or enhances self-esteem

Front 117

Social Comparison: Upward comparison

Back 117

--comparing ourselves to people we think are better than
ourselves.

--maintain self-esteem (your opponent is too good)

--or lead to relative deprivation (Hey, why is he getting more than I do? That’s not fair!)

Front 118

Forming Impressions

Back 118

--We tend to assume others hold similar attitudes and values to ourselves

--So, we are inclined to like other people

--But negative information attracts more attention
and is given more weight than positive information in the shaping of first impressions

Front 119

Lasting Impressions: Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 119

--We tend to be overconfident with our judgments
--We tend to act in ways that elicit behavior consistent with our impression
◦ Self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 120

Internal Attribution

Back 120

the behavior is due to characteristics of the person

Front 121

External Attribution

Back 121

the behavior is due to aspects of the situation

Front 122

High Consensus
Low Consensus

Back 122

High Consensus: Mike wants to ask Jessica out on a date. Other guys have asked Jessica out on a date too.
Low Consensus: Others have not asked Jessica out on a date.
Do other people behave in the same way as Mike?

Front 123

High consistency
Low consistency

Back 123

Does Mike behave like this repeatedly?
High Consistency: when he does behave like that repeatedly
Low Consistency: he does not behave like that repeatedly

Front 124

High Distinctiveness
Low Distinctiveness

Back 124

High: when he only asks Jessica out on a date
Low: when he asks others out on a date as well

Front 125

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 125

Attribute others’ behaviors to internal factors
-->You see a girl talking on the phone while driving
-->She’s reckless

Front 126

Actor-observer bias

Back 126

Attribute our own behavior to external factors, others’
behavior to internal factors
You talk on the phone while driving
-->It’s an emergency!”
Another girl does it
-->She’s reckless!”

Front 127

Self-serving Bias

Back 127

--Attribute our own success to internal factors, our own failures
to external factors
--When you DO talk on the phone as you drive
“It’s an emergency!”
--When you DON’T talk on the phone as you drive
"I’m a conscientious and careful driver!”

Front 128

Ultimate Attribution Error

Back 128

--Attribute negative behavior of ingroup and positive behavior of outgroup to external factors
--It’s a girl in your sorority on the phone
“It’s an emergency!”
--A girl from another sorority NEVER talks on the phone while driving
“No one likes her anyway!”

Front 129

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Back 129

--Central route to attitude change:
◦ Message is important

--Peripheral route to attitude change:
◦ Person giving the message is important

Front 130

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 130

--People want their thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes to be
consistent with their behaviors
• When behavior-attitude inconsistency causes discomfort
-- People change their attitude to reduce discomfort
• Attitude changes mostly occur when people publicly engage in behaviors that are inconsistent with their privately held attitudes

Front 131

Intimate Relationship and Love

Back 131

•Passion=strong & intense
feelings, longing to be with,
infatuation, physiological arousal
•Intimacy = emotional closeness, bonding, sharing
•Commitment = decision to love & maintain a long term relationship with someone

Front 132

Motivational Theory

Back 132

- Prejudice may be the result when people’s motivation to enhance their own self-esteem causes them to disrespect others

Front 133

Cognitive Theory (ch. 18)

Back 133

People use schemas and other cognitive shortcuts to organize and make sense of their social world

Front 134

Learning Theory (ch. 18)

Back 134

Like attitude, prejudic can be the results of observational learning

Front 135

Descriptive Norms

Back 135

– indicate how most other people actually behave in a given situation
– give permission to act in the same way

Front 136

Injunctive Norms

Back 136

give more specific, explicit information about the actions that others find acceptable and unacceptable

Front 137

Social Facilitation
Social Impairment

Back 137

•Social Facilitation
--The presence of other people can enhance performance
• Social Impairment
--The presence of other people can impair performance

Front 138

Social Loafing

Back 138

• The presence of other people may make you exert less effort than when you are performing alone

Front 139

Deindividuation

Back 139

• a person becomes “submerged in the group,” and loses the sense of individuality

Front 140

Change behavior:
-Conformity
-Compliance
-Obedience

Back 140

• Conformity
– Adjust behavior or beliefs because of real or imagined group pressure
• Compliance
– Adjust behavior because of an request
• Obedience
– Adjust behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure

Front 141

-Private Acceptance
-Public Conformity

Back 141

• Private acceptance:
–One conforms because one believes the group is right
• Public conformity:
–One conforms because it is socially desirable, but beliefs and attitudes do not change

Front 142

Foot-in-the-door

Back 142

A person initially agrees to a small request and then is presented with gradually larger requests (different request)

Front 143

Door-in-the-face

Back 143

An initial request is made that is likely to be denied, then the real request is made

Front 144

Low ball approach

Back 144

After a person agrees to a request, the cost of fulfilling the (same) request is increased

Front 145

Obedience

Back 145

Obedience: changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure

Front 146

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

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– Aggression is always due to frustration
–Or stress

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Generalized Arousal

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–When a person carries over an arousing experience from one situation to another
– Transferred excitation

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Arousal: Cost-reward theory

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Arousal: cost-reward theory – people find sight/thought of victim distressing, and are motivated to act to reduce unpleasant arousal.

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Evolutionary Theory

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--people act to to increase their
inclusive fitness (i.e. the survival of their genes in future generations)
--Kin selection: helping an individual who shares your genes

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Empathy-altruism theory

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people more likely to engage in altruism if they feel empathy for the victim

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Why are people aggressive?

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• Instinct theories
– Thanatos (Freud)
• Evolutionary theories
– Promotes survival of aggressor’s genes
• Learning and culture
– More common in individualistic
cultures
– Male culture of honor
• Genetics and biological mechanisms
– Genetic component to aggression
– Damage to amygdala and
hypothalamus leads to aggressive responses to neutral stimuli
– Cerebral cortex metabolizes
glucose slower in murderers
– Violent criminals have higher
levels of testosterone