Psyc 100 Exam Iii

Front 1

Motivation

Back 1

a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal

Front 2

Instincts

Back 2

an unlearned behavior that shows up as a pattern in a species

Front 3

Drives

Back 3

a state of tension that develops to help us satisfy our physiological needs

Front 4

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Back 4

• Pyramid shape
• Base = most basic needs
o Physiological needs (hunger, thirst)
• 2nd level = safety needs
o The need to feel secure and safe
• 3rd level = belongingness and love needs
o Relationship needs (feel accepted, loved)
o Family, friendship, or romantic relationships
• 4th level = esteem needs
o Achievement, being successful, maintaining high self-esteem, academic pursuits, occupational pursuits
• 5th level = self actualization
o Persons need to live up to their fullest potential
o Very few people reach this level

Front 5

Hypothalamus

Back 5

o Regulates hunger
o One part decreases hunger (ventromedial)
o Other part increases hunger (lateral)
o Two parts balance eachother out

Front 6

Glucose

Back 6

o Blood sugar
o Low glucose triggers hunger
o Eat = obtain blood sugar
o High blood sugar = diabetes
o Low blood sugar = hypoglycemic

Front 7

Stomach Contractions

Back 7

o Coincide with hunger

Front 8

Set Point

Back 8

o We all have a natural weight that our body likes to be
o If your weight falls below you eat more (vice versa)
o Influenced by genetics

Front 9

Metabolic Rate

Back 9

o How many calories your body burns in a resting state
o Genetics
o Increase metabolic rate by
 Exercise (habit)
 Lifting weights
 Eating small frequent meals

Front 10

Anorexia Nervosa

Back 10

o Always medically underweight dangerously
o Can binge and purge but most are anorexia
o Frequently have control issues
 Feel out of control in many areas of their life therefore over control their food intake
o Perfectionists
o Depression, substance abuse problems, and ocd (obsessive compulsive disorder)
o Calorie counting, trying on clothes (part of ocd)
o Symptoms
 Medically underweight
 More then 15% underweight
 Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
 Fear rules their life
 Distorted body image
 In women, lose menstrual cycle (miss 3 consecutive)
 Two subtypes
• Restricting type
o The person restricts their food intake
o Not throwing up just not eating
• Binge eating purging type
o Binging and purging
o *Always medically underweight (anorexia)

Front 11

Bulimia Nervosa

Back 11

o Average weight
o Binging and purging is part of the disorder
o Impulsivity
o Borderline personality disorder involves impulsivity and lack of self/identity
o Symptoms
 Always have binge eating (large quantities of food 1,500 – 3,000 calories in less then 2 hours)
 Lack of control eating like crazy
 The binge will go on until they throw up
 Compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain
• Most common are purging methods
• Misuse of laxatives
• Over exercising
• Fasting between binges
 Has to be happening at least 2 times a week for 3 months (pattern)
 Persons self evaluation
• How they describe themselves / feel about themselves is based on their weight
 Types
• Purging types:
• Nonpurging types: will fast after binges

Front 12

Sexual response Cycle

Back 12

o Partly physiologically based and learning and values
o 4 different phases (normal)
 Excitement phase
• Increased physical arousal
• Sense of sexual pleasure or excitement
• Erection in men, increased lubrication in woment
 Plateau phase
• Excitement peaks and levels off
• Orgasm feels immanent
• In men, preseminal fluid is present
 Orgasm phase
• Peak of pleasure
• Release of sexual tension through rhythmic contractions
 Resolution phase
• The body returns to an unaroused state
• Men have a refractory period – mans body needs to recuperate and incapable of having an orgasm (a few min to a day or more)
• Women do not have a refractory period

Front 13

Hormones

Back 13

o Testosterone partly produces the sex drive in men and women
o If man has low testosterone his sex drive is lower
o Men are more visually oriented then women stimulated
o Women are more audio oriented then men
o Sexual desire comes from the brain
o 95% of men and women fantasize about sex

Front 14

Male Erectile Disorder

Back 14

 Then inability to attain or maintain an erection
 More common in older men (50 +)
 Cause can be physiological or physiological or a combination of both
 Caused by Depression, stress, marital problems, performance anxiety
 Most common physical problems: vascular, diabetes, hormone problems (low testosterone), kidney problems, MS, spinal cord injury patients, certain medications, substance abuse
 Treatments: Viagra, hormone therapy, penile implants

Front 15

Premature Ejaculation

Back 15

 25-40% of men have it
 Ejaculating before or shortly after penetration
 Before 30 seconds of sex/ or within 2-5 thrusts
 More common in younger (30 -)
 Common in men who have infrequent sex
 Too sensitive from a physical arousal perspective
 Treatment: stop start method (pausing during intercourse when increased arousal occurs), squeeze technique, mental distraction

Front 16

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Back 16

 During orgasm phase delay or absence of an orgasm after a normal excitement phase
 More common in younger women (20-30%)
 History of sexual abuse, taught sex is dirty at a young age
 Treatments: masturbation training body awareness
 30% of women can have orgasms through intercourse

Front 17

Nature vs. Nurture

Back 17

o 10% of the pop is homosexual (3 – 4% of men, 1% of women)
o Newer research has shown that sexual orientation is tremendously influenced by nature
o Very little environmental evidence
o Twins studies show that sexual orientation involves genetics
o Brain anatomy
 Hypothalamus cell clusters are larger in straight men then gays
 Also differences in the corpus callosum larger in gays then in straight men
o Prenatal hormones
 2-5th month of pregnancy fetus is exposed to certain hormones
 Exposed to hormones that determine sexual orientation
o Sextypical vs. sex atypical
 Boys trucks, power rangers
 Barbies

Front 18

Intrinsic motivation

Back 18

o You do it because you enjoy it

Front 19

Extrinsic motivation

Back 19

o Do the task because of certain requirements or rewards

Front 20

Task leadership

Back 20

 Focus on the job the work and the goals
 Focus on making rules
 Really good at keeping group focused
 Task-oriented
 Directive – authoritarian
 Produce more productive employees

Front 21

Social leadership

Back 21

 Team spirit
 Mediating conflicts
 Make sure everyone is happy
 Good for group morale
 Create greater employee satisfaction

Front 22

Low psychological distance

Back 22

 Laid back
 Gets close to employees

Front 23

High psychological distance

Back 23

 Strictly business

Front 24

Emotions

Back 24

physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience
o For learned task, high arousal is better
o For new tasks, moderate arousal is best

Front 25

Verbal communication

Back 25

the content of what a person says

Front 26

Non verbal communication

Back 26

visible and paralinguistic
a. visible
i. facial expression
ii. gestures
iii. posture
iv. apperance
b. paralinguistic
i. volume
ii. rate
iii. pitch
iv. voice quality

Front 27

Nonverbal leakage

Back 27

o Show that they are lying through nonverbal cues even when they are successfully lying verbally

Front 28

The giveaways

Back 28

o Blink more
o Hesitate more
o Make more errors when speaking
o Higher pitched voices
o Pupils dilate
o Fidget
o Use a negative voice tone
o Interchannel discrepancies occur
o Occur because person is feeling anxious or guilty

Front 29

6 different facial expressions

Back 29

o Anger
o Happiness
o Fear
o Sadness
o Surprise
o Disgust

Front 30

James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 30

o The physiological reaction to the stimulus produces the emotion
o Ex. the body responds first and then the physical expression is shown
o Physiological arousal is necessary for emotion

Front 31

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Back 31

o Emotion and physiological arousal occur at the same time
o One does not cause the other

Front 32

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion

Back 32

o Two things must occur in order to have an emotion
o 1. Physical arousal must occur 2. the person cognitively labels the arousal
o People use clues from the environment to label the arousal

Front 33

Top 4 causes of death

Back 33

• Top 4 causes of death
• heart disease
• cancer
• strokes
• lung disease
• Reasons why
o Smoking
o Alcohol use
o Drug use
o Unprotected sex
o Poor nutrition
o Ignoring doctors orders
o Lack of exercise

Front 34

Health psychology

Back 34

integrate medical and psychological knowledge

Front 35

Stress

Back 35

• Defined as the way we perceive and respond to events that we see as challenging or threatening
• Positive and negative stress can have impacts regardless of nature

Front 36

3 hormones released during stress

Back 36

o Cortisol
o Epinephrine
o Norepinephrine

Front 37

The general adaptation syndrome

Back 37

o Body’s response to acute stress (high level in short time)
o 1st stage: Alarm stage
 Body begins mobilizing its resources
 Heart rate increases
 May feel faint
o 2nd stage: Resistance stage
 Become very resilient
 A lot of the stress hormones are released
 Temp, blood pressure, and respiration all increase
 Body is at its strongest
 Eventually body will become tired and lead to stage 3
o 3rd stage: Exhaustion stage
 More vulnerable to illness
 Likely to collapse
 If preexisting conditions are present death may result

Front 38

3 types of stress

Back 38

• Catastrophes
o Unpredictable large scale events
o People who experience these are at an increased risk of depression and anxiety
• Significant life changes
o Marriage, a job change, divorce, death, moving
• Daily hassles
o Small daily things that widdle away at a person over a long period of time
o Traffic, lines, burnout at school or work, irritating roommate

Front 39

Type A personality

Back 39

 Are at a higher risk of heart disease
 Competitive
 Ambitious
 Impatient
 Verbally aggressive
 Prone to anger
 Cram a lot into a short period of time
 Free floating hostility
• Always kind of irritated
• On the verge of being pissed off
 Typically smoke more
 Sleep less
 Ingest more caffeine

Front 40

Type B personality

Back 40

 Easy going
 Relaxed
 Patient
 Don’t feel guilty taking down time

Front 41

B Cells

Back 41

 Fight off bacteria

Front 42

T cells

Back 42

 Fight off viruses and cancer
o When a person is chronically stressed the production of these two types of white blood cells is decreased
o Leads to more illness
o Leads to faster onset of aids

Front 43

Internalizers

Back 43

o Who already have cancer have an increased risk of dying of cancer
o Thus verbalizing feelings helps to increase cancer survival
• Having a positive approach to their illness and a strong will to live are two other predictors of surviving cancer

Front 44

Exercise

Back 44

o Beneficial
o Aerobic exercise that increases the heart rate over a period of time
o Increases release of endorphins
o Reduces depression and anxiety
o Decreases blood pressure

Front 45

Biofeedback

Back 45

o Defined as a system of recording amplifying and feeding back information about physiological responses
o People who have borderline high blood pressure can reduce it through biofeedback

Front 46

Relaxation

Back 46

o Involves deep breathing exercises
o Guided imagery
o Progressive muscle relaxation

Front 47

Social support

Back 47

o People who have adequate social support live longer recover more quickly from illness and combat major and minor illnesses better

Front 48

Faith

Back 48

o People who maintain a sense of faith (religious or not) have a greater sense of health and longevity

Front 49

Hardiness

Back 49

o people who have a high level of hardiness see change as a challenge
o have an internal sense of control (feel like they have personal control of their life)
o sense of commitment to their values themselves their work and their family
o much more resilient to stress

Front 50

Social Psychology

Back 50

• is the study of social behavior
• examine how the thoughts feelings and behaviors of people are influenced by others

Front 51

Attribution theory

Back 51

• Attribution involves asking why?
• The process in which use info to determine the causes of others behaviors and attitudes
• Use it most often when something unexpected happens to us (negative shocking events)

Front 52

Three dimensions of causality

Back 52

o Can either be internal or external (attributions)
 Internal
• Comes from inside the person
 External
• Causes that are outside of the person
o Stable vs. Unstable
 Stable
• Unchanging
 Unstable
• Very changeable
• Effort
• Luck
• Mood
o Controllable vs. uncontrollable
 Controllable
• In their control to change it
 Uncontrollable
• Outside of their control to change it

Front 53

Social influence theory

Back 53

• Defined as how a persons behavior is influenced by others
• Usually involves two sides
o Conforming vs. individuality

Front 54

Why do we conform

Back 54

o Because we want to right
o Because we want to be liked
o As group size increases conformity increases
o Group unaninonimity – it is hard to go against the grain
o Group commitment – cohesive groups increase conformity
o The desire for individuality increases conformity decreases

Front 55

The asch study

Back 55

o 50 different groups 8 members per group 7 of 8 members in each group knew what the study was about. 7 of the 8 were told to give the wrong answer. The critical subject was the 1 member of the group left out.
o 1/3 of the critical subjects went with the majority over half the time

Front 56

Milgram's Experiment

Back 56

o People listened to authority figures even if it put others in danger

Front 57

Social Facilitation

Back 57

people preform better in the presence of others (the opposite is true with social inhibition)

Front 58

Social Loafing

Back 58

persons contribution to a group activity cannot be evaluated / people slack off (the larger the group the more often this occurs)

Front 59

Deindividualization

Back 59

loss of individual identity in a large group

Front 60

Prejudice

Back 60

group antagonism / when members of an 'in' group display negative attitudes and behaviors towards an 'out' group. (emotional)

Front 61

Sterotypes

Back 61

false beliefs about group members / usually involve gross over generalizations (cognitive)

Front 62

Discrimination

Back 62

the behavioral component that is disadvantageous to someone for a certain group membership (behavior)

Front 63

Intergroup Contact theory for reducing prejudice

Back 63

4 things present:
1. consistent close contact without other group members
2. group members must be of equal status
3. cooperative interdependence (work together to successfully complete a task)
4.institutional support

Front 64

4 factors of interpersonal attraction

Back 64

1. similarity - values, attitudes, background, intrests, personality, physical attractiveness)
2. familiarity - mere exposure effect (the more you are around someone the better you get to know them)
3. proximity - geographical proximity
4. personal characteristics