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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Emotions and motivations |
______________ are internal states that direct our thinking and behavior toward goals. They color our world calling our attention to events that are meaningful to us. |
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Motivation |
A drive, desire, or need to guide thinking and behavior. These include biological, personal, and social motives. Usually consistent and toward a specific goal. In addition to biological motives, motivations can be intrinsic (arising from internal factors) or extrinsic (arising from external factors) |
In reality, our motivations are often a mix of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, but the nature of the mix of these factors might change over time (often in ways that seem counter-intuitive).
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Extrinsic Motivations |
Drives and urges to engage in behavior to get an external reward, or avoid negative outcomes - Money - Good grades - Awards - Social approval/disapproval Motivations from the environment. |
However, if you are here because you want to get a college degree to make yourself more marketable for a high-paying career or to satisfy the demands of your parents, then your motivation is more extrinsic in nature.
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Intrinsic motivation |
Drives and urges to engage in behavior due to internal reinforcers - Personal satisfaction - Enjoy the activity Internal achievement - Morals and beliefs - Curiosity and interest Engages in behavior because it is personally rewarding |
Are you here because you enjoy learning and want to pursue an education to make yourself a more well-rounded individual? If so, then you are intrinsically motivated.
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Arousal |
There are 4 theories of motivation: instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, ______________, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. |
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Drive-reduction theory |
According to this theory, we have constant physiological needs (food, water, sleep, sex, etc.). These needs are kept in a constant homeostatic state. Deviation from homeostasis creates a drive with motivates behaviors to meet the need so when the need is satisfied the drive is reduced. Reduction of the feeling like hunger is what's rewarding not the food. Some drives are more powerful than others like thirst over hunger (you'll die sooner if you don't drink than eat). |
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Arousal |
We seek an optimal level of physiological arousal, or alertness and engagement. Novel environments, activities and people tend to increase arousal. The optimal level varies for different individuals. People with higher levels of optimal arousal tend to be sensation seekers. |
Boredom drives curiosity |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
Organized a more comprehensive list of motives in a hierarchy, needs at the base of the pyramid generally taking precedence over those higher up, combines of biological, personal, and social motives. High to low: Self-actualization, esteem, social, security, physiological |
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physiological needs |
air food water shelter sleep warmth and reproduction |
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security |
safety employment resources and health |
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social |
family friendship intimacy belonging |
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esteem |
self-worth confidence accomplishment recognition respect |
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self-actualization |
inner fulfillment (fulfillment of one's potential) |
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Deficiency |
_________________ needs arise due to deprivation. The motivation to fulfill such needs will be stronger the longer they are denied. |
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Spontaneous desire |
Desire that occurs without any physical prompting from a partner |
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Responsive desire |
desire which comes from being in a sexual situation |
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overjustification effect
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What Odessa has experienced is called the ___________________—intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given. This can lead to extinguishing the intrinsic motivation and creating a dependence on extrinsic rewards for continued performance
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higher level
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Hakim is likely to experience a _____________ of intrinsic motivation in his Criminal Law course, where the class setting encourages inclusive collaboration and a respect for ideas, and where students have more influence over their learning activities.
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instinct
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William James was an important contributor to early research into motivation, and he is often referred to as the father of psychology in the United States. James theorized that behavior was driven by a number of instincts, which aid survival. From a biological perspective, an _____________ is a species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned.
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drive theory of motivation
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According to the _________________, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. These needs result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis.
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For example, if it’s been a while since you ate, your blood sugar levels will drop below normal. This low blood sugar will induce a physiological need and a corresponding drive state (i.e., hunger) that will direct you to seek out and consume food.
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Yerkes-Dodson law
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This relationship is known as __________________, which holds that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower.
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Self-efficacy
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_______________ is an individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task. Albert Bandura (1994) theorized that an individual’s sense of _________________ plays a pivotal role in motivating behavior. Bandura argues that motivation derives from expectations that we have about the consequences of our behaviors, and ultimately, it is the appreciation of our capacity to engage in a given behavior that will determine what we do and the future goals that we set for ourselves.
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For example, if you have a sincere belief in your ability to achieve at the highest level, you are more likely to take on challenging tasks and to not let setbacks dissuade you from seeing the task through to the end.
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base |
At the ______ of the pyramid are all of the physiological needs that are necessary for survival.
Top or base? |
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top |
At the ________ of the pyramid is self-actualization, which is a need that essentially equates to achieving one’s full potential, and it can only be realized when needs lower on the pyramid have been met.
Top or base? |
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metabolic rate
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A person’s ___________________ is the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time, and there is tremendous individual variability in our metabolic rates. People with high rates of metabolism are able to burn off calories more easily than those with lower rates of metabolism.
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2/3 |
While nearly ______ US adults struggle with issues related to being overweight, a smaller, but significant, portion of the population has eating disorders that typically result in being normal weight or underweight. Often, these individuals are fearful of gaining weight. Individuals who suffer from bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa face many adverse health consequences
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bulimia
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People suffering from __________ nervosa engage in binge eating behavior that is followed by an attempt to compensate for the large amount of food consumed.
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Binge eating disorder
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___________________ is a disorder recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Unlike with bulimia, eating binges are not followed by inappropriate behavior, such as purging, but they are followed by distress, including feelings of guilt and embarrassment. The resulting psychological distress distinguishes ___________________ from overeating.
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Anorexia nervosa
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_________________ is an eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise. Individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa often have a distorted body image, referenced in literature as a type of body dysmorphia, meaning that they view themselves as overweight even though they are not.
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