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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freud's psychosexual stages of development
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Oral (first 18 months), Anal (18 - 36 months), Phallic (3 - 6 years), Latency (6 years - puberty), Genital (adolescence & adulthood)
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Freud's perspective on human existence
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the first 5 years are the most important for development, sexuality is the most persuasive force behind personality
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Adler's perspective on human existence
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people are motivated by purposes and goal; perfection not pleasure is the goal
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Horney's perspective on human existence
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believed that the prime motive for human existence is security not sex
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Jung's perspective on human existence
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everyone has a passive feminine side and assertive masculine side and a mask everyone wears during social interactions
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What is Roger's Theory
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Each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment and an innate sense of what is good and bad for us and a need for a positive regard from others
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According to Roger's Theory, how do we develop a sellf-concept?
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a self-concept is developed during childhood and it reflects our genuine, innate desires but can be influenced by conditions of worth that make us motiviated to actualize a self that we were not to be
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What are the "Big Five" personality traits?
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O.C.E.A.N.
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism |
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What is the difference between traits and states?
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traits are characteristics that make up who you are; states are brief experiences that you stay in only for a short period of time
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Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
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It focuses on reciprocal influences of behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors
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What is Reciprocal Determination?
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the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to make a personality. ENVIRONMENT determines a person's behavior and PERSON/COGNITIVE FACTORS act to change the environment
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What is Observational learning?
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A major component of how we learn; forms the ideas about the behavior of others and then possibly adopt this behavior
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What is Personal Control?
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Regulation and control of our behavior despite the changing environment
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What is Self-Efficacy?
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the belief that one can accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change
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What is Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Thoery?
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two neurological systems, the behavioral action system and behavioral inhibition system, explain differences in an organism's attention to environmental rewards and punishments and in this way shape personality
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What are Self-Report tests?
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an inventory of personal characteristics that describe one's personality traits
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What are Empirically Keyed tests?
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a type of self-report that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way
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What is MMPI?
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test
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Process in the Assessment of the "Big Five" factors?
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evaluate the five factor model and six subdimensions that make up the five factors
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What are the two projective tests and describe each of them?
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Rorschach inkblot test: uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality
Thematic Apperception Test: designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality |
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What is fundamental attribution error?
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observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits an underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person's behavior
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What is false consensus effect?
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observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts in the way they do
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What is Self-serving bias?
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the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures
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What is cognitive dissonance?
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an individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoghts
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What is the elaboration likelihood model?
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two ways of persuasion: Central Route and Peripheral Route
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What is the Central Route of persuasion?
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engages someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument
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What is the Peripheral Route of persuasion?
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non-message factors such as the source's credibility and attractiveness or emotional appeal
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What are the types of aggression and describe them?
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Overt aggression: physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person
Relational aggression: behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person |
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What brain regions are associated with aggression and how are they associated?
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the frontal lobes: involved with executive functions and planning and self-control play a role in aggression. Low serotonin levels have been linked to aggression
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What was the Milgram experiment on obedience and what were the results?
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the "learner" (test subject) was strapped to a chair. the experimenter made it look as if a shock generator was being connected to the learner's body through several electrodes. the results showed the percentage of "teachers" who stopped shocking the learner at each voltage level. most teachers obeyed the experimenters' commands to increase shock levels
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What is deindividuation in group behavior?
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the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group
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What is polarization in group behavior?
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the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction
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What is social facilitation in group behavior?
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improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others
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What is social loafing in group behavior?
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each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort
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What is the difference in implicit and explicit racism?
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implicit racism refers to racial attitudes that exist on a deeper hdden level whereas explicit racism is a person's conscious and openly shared racist attitudes
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What does proximity, acquaintance, and similarity have to do with being attracted to someone?
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closeness, whether you know the personn already, and how much you have in common are major roles in the attraction you feel towards someone
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What is the Mere Exposure Effect?
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the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they don't realize that they have seen it before
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What is the Social Exchange Theory?
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the view of socialrelationships as involving an exchange of goods the objective of which is minimize cost and maximize benefits
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What is the Investement Model?
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a model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availibility of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships
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What needs to occur to make a phobia?
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one must have an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation
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What are the components, treatments, and symptoms of Generalized Anxiety disorder?
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a psychological disorder marked by constant anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety. the psychological and sociocultural factors include having harsh self standards overly strict and critical parents automatic negative thoughts when feeling stressed and a history of uncontrollable traumas or stressors
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What is Panic Disorder?
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an anxiety disorder with sudden onsets of intense terror without warning or specific cause. genetic, psychological (Classical Conditioning), also sociocultural (women more likely than men due to the standards of society)
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What is Dissociative disorder?
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a sudden loss of memory or change in identity caused by the separation of concious awareness from previous memories/thoughts. believed to be a way of dealing with extreme stress
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What is Schizophrenia?
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highly disordered, thought processes, psychotic. symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, referential thinking (thinking something unrealated is personal to you), catatonia (displaying little/no emotion; "vegged-out"), very distractable, loss of memory, unable to process/make good decisions. genetic, brain abnormalities. requires hospitalization and medications
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What is Borderline Personality Disorder?
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instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions. results in wild mood swings, self-harming (cutting yourself),
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What was the purpose of the Americans with Disabilities act?
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it is illegal to refuse employment or a promotion to someone with a psychological disorder. person's condition CANNOT prevent performance of job's functions
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What are the side effects of neuroleptic drugs?
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possibility of stroke and tardive dyskinesia (involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth; extensive twitching of the neck, arms, and legs)
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What is Psychoanalysis?
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Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing one's unconscious thoughts. Belief that one's problems can be traced back to childhood experiences
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What is Free Association?
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the encouragement of people to say aloud whatever comes to mind no matter how embarrassing or trivial
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What is Interpretation?
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the search for hidden meaning in what a patient says during therapy
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What is Dream Analysis?
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the interpretation of dreams to find out one's inner most thoughts
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What is Transference?
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a client's relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduce important relationships in the client's life
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What is Heinz Kohut's Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapy?
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it's the therapist's job to replace the unhealthy childhood relationships with the healthy relationship the therapist provides
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What is Humanistic Psychotherapy?
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Treatments that encourage clients to understand themselves and grow personally. Focuses on conscious thought, growth, and fulfillment
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What is Classical Conditioning?
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a behavioral therapy used for treating phobias
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What is Systematic Desensitization?
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a behavioral therapy that treats anxiety by promoting deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations
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What is Rational-Emotive Therapy?
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therapy that helps individuals cope with a psychological disorder caused by irrational and self-defeating beliefs. goal is to get clients to eliminate these beliefs by using rational examination
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What is Group Therapy?
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a treatment that brings together individuals that share a certain disorder
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What are Self-Help Groups?
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voluntary organizations of individuals that get together to discuss common interests
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What is Well-Being Therapy?
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therapy focused on the client living a successful life and building resilience
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How important is it to have a match of ethnicity between patient and client?
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patients are more likely to stay with the therapy and recieve treatment if the ethnicity of the therapist is the same as their own
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What is the Theory of Reasoned Action?
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effective change is required for individuals to have specific intentions about their behaviors, have positive attitudes about a new behavior, and percieve that their social group looks positively on the new behavior well
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What is the Theory of Planned Behavior?
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the basic ideas of the theory of reasoned action but adds the person's perceptions of control over the outcome
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What is Cognitive Appraisal?
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One's interpretation of the events in their life as harmful, threatening, or challenging and their determination of whether they have the resources to cope effectively with the event. two steps: PRIMARY (when individuals interpret whether an event involves loss or harm that has occurred) and SECONDARY (the evaluation of an idividual's resources and determine how effectively they can cope with them)
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What are the characteristics of Hardiness?
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sense of commitment rather than alienation and of control rather than powerlessness and perception of problems as challenges rather than threats
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What do we know about smoking cessation?
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Smoking is hard to quit. ways of quitting include going cold turkey, using a substitute source of nicotine, or seeking therapeutic help
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