Pss: Social Psychology

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social psychology

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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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attribution theory

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the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition, proposed by Fritz Heider 1958

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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attitude

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feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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central route to persuasion

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occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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peripheral route to persuasion

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occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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role

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a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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cognitive dissonance theory

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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent, developed by Leon Festinger

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conformity

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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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normative social influence

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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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informational social influence

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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

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social facilitation

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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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social loafing

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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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prejudice

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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

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ingroup bias

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the tendency to favor our own group

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scapegoat theory

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theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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other-race effect

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the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

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just-world phenomenon

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the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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frustration-aggression principle

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the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression

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mere exposure effect

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phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking of them

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equity

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condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

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bystander effect

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tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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social exchange theory

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theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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reciprocity norm

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expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

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social-responsibility norm

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expectation that people will those those dependent on them

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social trap

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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior