Social Psychology

Front 1

Hindsight Bias

Back 1

Tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome, the degree to which one could have foreseen how something would turn out.

Front 2

Social Psychology

Back 2

-Distinct from wisdom because it is empirical
-Allows one to decide between two reasonable but opposite alternatives

Front 3

Hypothesis

Back 3

testable beliefs about the relationship between events

Front 4

Formulating Hypotheses

Back 4

1. Personal beliefs about the relationship between events
2. Previous Theories and Research: Science is cumulative

Front 5

Research Can Vary in Location and Method

Back 5

1. Location: Real life settings (staged)
2. Laboratory setting

Front 6

When will people help others in need?

Back 6

People are more likely to help a person who collapsed when they are holding a cain rather than a bottle of liquor.

Front 7

Correlational Research Method

Back 7

Studies of naturally occurring relationships
- are x&y related to each other?

Front 8

Experimental Research Method

Back 8

studies that examine cause and effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors.

Front 9

Advantages of the Correlational Method

Back 9

- Describes relationships btwn variables
-excellent source of research ideas
-can measure things that cannot be manipulated

Front 10

Disadvantages of the Correlational Method

Back 10

-correlation does not equal causation
-what causes what?
-Third variable problem

Front 11

Third Variable Problem

Back 11

two variables can be related because they are related to a third variable

Front 12

Advantages of the Experimental Method

Back 12

-the only way to control and manipulate events
-Can determine causality

Front 13

Independent Variable

Back 13

Manipulated by the researcher and is assumed to cause change in the other variable.

Front 14

Dependent Variable

Back 14

Measured by the researcher to see if it was influenced by the independent variable.

Front 15

Random Assignment

Back 15

the manner in which participants are assigned to the level of independent variable - all participants have the same chance of being in a given condition

Front 16

Demand Characteristics

Back 16

(negative) the experimenter gives subtle cues to participants as to how they should respond

Front 17

Solutions for Demand Characteristics

Back 17

-Standardization of procedure: scripted speech and behavior
-Double Blind

Front 18

Self Concept

Back 18

A persons answer to "who am I?"
-Relationships, culture, strengths/weaknesses, etc.

Front 19

Self Esteem

Back 19

A person's overall self evaluation or sense of self-worth

Front 20

"I am a person of worth, at least on an equal scale with others" is an example of evaluating..

Back 20

Self Esteem

Front 21

Actual Self

Back 21

The person you are right now

Front 22

Ideal Self

Back 22

The person it is your goal to be

Front 23

Ought Self

Back 23

The self it is your duty to be

Front 24

Feared Self

Back 24

The person you fear of becoming

Front 25

Self Discrepancy Theory

Back 25

Our view of ourselves includes how well our actual self matches our self guide

Front 26

Discrepancy

Back 26

Mismatch btw. our actual self and self guide
- Motivate Change
- Result in emotional reaction

Front 27

Self Concept: Responses from others

Back 27

we view ourselves through the eyes of others and incorporate their perceptions of us into our self concept

Front 28

Ex. When Catholic students were exposed to a scowling face of the pope vs that of an unknown person, they had a more negative self evaluation after looking a the pope.

Back 28

Self Concept: Responses from others
-important others are the most influential

Front 29

Self Concept: Social Comparisons

Back 29

Evaluating ones abilities and opinions by comparing oneself to others

Front 30

Downward Social Comparisons

Back 30

comparing ourselves to others "worse" than ourselves to make ourselves feel better.

Front 31

Self Evaluation Maintenance Theory

Back 31

if a close other excels in an unimportant activity then people tend to BIRG, however if a close other excels in a personally relevant activity then people feel envy

Front 32

Cultural Implications

Back 32

People in western cultures tend to have an independent view of the self, while people in non-western cultures tend to have an interdependent view of the self (group membership)

Front 33

Characteristics of the Independent View

Back 33

-The self is stable, uniqueness is a goal, promote own goals, happiness comes from feeling effective and superior

Front 34

Characteristics of the Interdependent View

Back 34

- The self is flexible, the goal is to belong, promote group beliefs, happiness comes from feeling connected.

Front 35

Self Presentation

Back 35

the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to ones ideals

Front 36

Spotlight Effect

Back 36

The belief that others are paying more attention to us than they actually are
*people differ in their concern w/ impression management

Front 37

Self Monitoring

Back 37

being attuned to the way one presents oneself and and adjusting behavior to create a desired impression

Front 38

High Self Monitoring

Back 38

-Make a greater effort to learn about others
- More skilled at conveying emotion
-act like social chameleons
-more likely to espouse attitudes they don't hold

Front 39

Self Handicapping

Back 39

process of producing excuses for performance
- More likely when self esteem is fragile & have a strong desire to show competence

Front 40

Behavioral Self Handicaps

Back 40

create genuine handicaps i.e. going out before a test, men do more behavioral handicapping

Front 41

Attribution Theory

Back 41

The theory of how people explain the causes of their own and other peoples behavior
*answers the "why?" of behavior

Front 42

Fundamental Dichotomy for Explaining Behavior (Fritz Heider)

Back 42

-External attribution: Situational
-Internal Attribution: Dispositional

Front 43

Con-variation Model (Kelly, 1967)

Back 43

-We attribute behavior to the factor that is present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior fails to occur

Front 44

3 Types of Info. in Con variation Model

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1. Consistancy: does this person usually behave this way in this situation
2. distinctiveness: does this person behave this way in different situations
3. Consensus: Do others behave in this way

Front 45

Self-Serving Bias

Back 45

-Explaining positive events and attributing them to personal factors, but explaining negative events to external factors.

Front 46

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 46

tendency to underestimate situational instances and overestimate disposition influences on other people's behavior

Front 47

Ignoring Situational Influences

Back 47

We often ignore obvious situational influences
ex: tv quiz show study. The questioner is seen as smarter

Front 48

Automaticity Theory

Back 48

-Attributions to internal causes occur automatically
-Attributions to situations require effortful processes
-We tend to avoid the effortful step

Front 49

Actor-Observer Bias

Back 49

tendency to see others' beliefs as dispositionally caused, but our own behavior as being situationally caused

Front 50

perceptual salience

Back 50

when we act we focus on the environment, when others observe us they focus on us.

Front 51

Priming

Back 51

Activating particular associations in memory
- can influence or thoughts feelings and behaviors

Front 52

Social Perception

Back 52

the way we interpret social information is influenced by our:
-Priming, beliefs/opinions, expectations, and mood