Social Psychology Section Ii

Front 1

Natural Selection

Back 1

The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce are passed on to ensuing generations

Front 2

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 2

the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection

Front 3

Culture

Back 3

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Front 4

Norms

Back 4

Standards for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior
e.g. expressiveness, punctuality, rule-breaking, personal space

Front 5

Big 5 Social Beliefs

Back 5

Cynicism, Social Complexity, Reward for application, Spirituality, Fate Control

Front 6

Gender

Back 6

In psychology, the characteristics. whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female

Front 7

Empathy

Back 7

The vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes

Front 8

Aggression

Back 8

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. In Laboratory experiments this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings

Front 9

Androgynous

Back 9

from andro meaning man and gyn meaning woman-- thus mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics

Front 10

Gender Role

Back 10

A set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females

Front 11

Interaction

Back 11

A relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)

Front 12

Conformity

Back 12

A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

Front 13

Compliance

Back 13

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing

Front 14

Obedience

Back 14

Acting in accord with a direct order or command

Front 15

Acceptance

Back 15

Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

Front 16

Autokinetic phenomenon

Back 16

Self motion. The apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark.

Front 17

What Predicts Conformity

Back 17

Group size, unanimity, cohesion, status, public response, prior commitment,

Front 18

Cohesiveness

Back 18

A "we feeling;" the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another

Front 19

Normative Influence

Back 19

Conformity Based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations often to gain acceptance

Front 20

Informational Influence

Back 20

Conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people.

Front 21

Reactance

Back 21

A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action

Front 22

Persuasion

Back 22

the process by which a message induces change in beliefs attitudes or behaviors

Front 23

central route to persuasion

Back 23

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Front 24

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Back 24

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Front 25

Credibility

Back 25

believability. A credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy.

Front 26

Sleeper Effect

Back 26

A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

Front 27

Attractiveness

Back 27

Having qualities that appeal to audience. An appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference.

Front 28

Six Persuasion Principles

Back 28

Authority, liking, social proof, reciprocity, consistency, scarcity

Front 29

Authority

Back 29

People defer to credible experts

Front 30

Liking

Back 30

People respond more affirmatively to those they like

Front 31

Reciprocity

Back 31

People feel obligated to repay in kind what they've received

Front 32

Consistency

Back 32

People tend to honor their public commitments

Front 33

Scarcity

Back 33

People prize what is scarce

Front 34

Primacy Effect

Back 34

Other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence

Front 35

Recency Effect

Back 35

Information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects are less common that primacy effects

Front 36

Channel of Communication

Back 36

The way the message is delivered-- whether face to face, in writing, on film or in some other way.

Front 37

Two-Step Flow of Communication

Back 37

The process by which media influence occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others.

Front 38

Need for Cognition

Back 38

The motivation to think and analyze. Assessed by agreement with items such as " the notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me" and disagreement with items such as " I only think as hard as i have to."

Front 39

Cult aka New Religious Movement

Back 39

A group typically characterized by
1. distinctive ritual and beliefs related to its devotion to a god or person
2. Isolation from the surrounding "evil" culture
3. a charismatic leader. (A Sect, by contrast, is a spinoff from a major religion.)

Front 40

Variables Known to Affect the Impact of Persuasive Communications
COMMUNICATOR

Back 40

Credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness

Front 41

Variables Known to Affect the Impact of Persuasive Communications
MESSAGE CONTENT

Back 41

Reason vs. Emotion, Discrepancy, One-Sided vs. Two-Sided, Primacy vs. Recency

Front 42

Variables Known to Affect the Impact of Persuasive Communications
CHANNEL

Back 42

Active vs. Passive, Personal vs. Media

Front 43

Variables Known to Affect the Impact of Persuasive Communications
AUDIENCE

Back 43

Analytical or Emotional, age

Front 44

Attitude Inoculation

Back 44

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available

Front 45

Group

Back 45

Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with an influence one another and perceive on another as "us"

Front 46

Social Facilitation

Back 46

The strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others

Front 47

Evaluation Apprehension

Back 47

Concern for how others are evaluating us

Front 48

Social Loafing

Back 48

The tendency for people to exert less effort when the pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

Front 49

Free Riders

Back 49

People who benefit from the group but give little in return.

Front 50

Deindividuation

Back 50

Loss of Self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

Front 51

Factors that cause deindividuation

Back 51

group size, physical anonymity, diminished self-awareness,

Front 52

Group Polarization

Back 52

Group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group

Front 53

Social Comparison

Back 53

Evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

Front 54

Pluralistic Ignorance

Back 54

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding.

Front 55

Groupthink

Back 55

The mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

Front 56

Preventing Groupthink

Back 56

Be impartial, encourage critical evaluation, Occasionaly subdivide the group, then reunite to air differences, welcome critiques from outside experts and associates, call a second chance meeting to air any lingering doubts

Front 57

Leadership

Back 57

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

Front 58

Task Leadership

Back 58

Leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focusses on goals

Front 59

Social Leadership

Back 59

Leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Front 60

Transformational Leadership

Back 60

Leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence