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33 Cards in this Set
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The role of leadership in economic growth |
Good leadership= better economic growth Countries with better leadership have different effects on economic growth based on: EDUCATION LEVEL, DYNASTIC LEADERSHIP, AND AUTOCRATIC VS. DEMOCRATIC RULE; The effect of leadership on economic growth is measured by analyzing economic growth or decline 5 years before and 5 years after a leader unexpectedly died while in office Death being unexpected in these situations, because the leaders were not voted out or killed by their citizens, therefore the reaction to their death demonstrates the strength of their leadership on economic performance |
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The impact of dynasties on economic growth |
being dynastically elected to office is like maintaining a brand; it does not necessarily mean that there will be much effect on economic performance, but there is a strong correlation between the amount of restriction placed on dynastic leaders and the amount of average growth under their leadership. can be attributed to the restrictions imposed on dynastic leaders by other checks and balances vs. those who serve as the ultimate leaders over their constituents: think Britain + Parliament vs. Saudi Arabia (Lecture 10)
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Factors that determine ethnic diversity |
Ethnic diversity is defined in different ways by different countries or institutions. Many different ways to describe for each person; Does this idea change based on situation? Does dominant ethnicity change based on situation?; Big question: is it objective and fundamental, or something you can choose to identify as? REALITY: Identities change all the time! SS defines it very fluidly Umbrella concept that “embrace groups diff. by color, language, religion,; covers tribes, races, nationalities, and castes”· No real consistency India: “Hindu” “Muslim”; Guyana, Malaysia, Trinidad: “Indians”; Can be manipulated by governments (LOOK AT MALAYSIA) E.g. East Bengal joins Pakistan (1947) → common religion 2 ways for countries to measure ethnic diversity 1. Genetics 2. Count self defined categories -- census. measured by ELF Political leaders may actively pursue policies that influence (historically, often reduce) ethnic diversity, and citizens may “choose” their identity differently in response to political and economic conditions. |
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Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization (ELF) – definition |
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization: Chance that 2 randomly selected people will be of different ethnicities (.0, 10.0 → 0 being no ethnic diversity, 10 being extremely large). umbrella concept that defines groups by color, language, religion, tribes, races, etc. Idea that members and non-members recognize the distinction and anticipate that significant actions are or could be conditioned on it. Problems with ELF Measure: If Country A has groups of size {0.5, 0.5}, but Country B has groups of size (2/3, 1/6, 1/6), they have the same ELF = 0.5 ELF has no information about spatial distribution of groups around the country ELF contains no information about depth of divisions within country (i.e., no information about cleavage salience: compare Sri Lanka with Switzerland) Posner prefers measure of “politically relevant ethnic groups” (PREG) |
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Ethno-Linguistic Fractionalization – economic & political consequences Ethnic diversity and democratic consolidation |
Ethnicity and jurisdictions: Dictators prefer large countries because they can extract rent from larger populations. Many dictators repress ethnic conflict and attempt to create artificially homogeneous countries (e.g., Iraq, Spain, Yugoslavia, USSR) Globalization reduces disadvantages of small countries (e.g., Catalonia or Scotland seceding from Spain or UK, but remaining within the EU) Why might ethnic diversity be bad for economic growth?: DIVERSITY → MANY GROUPS DON'T COOPERATE → POOR OUTCOME → SLOW GROWTH Economic growth requires cooperation between actors ( “Impersonal exchange” – Honor your contracts – Pay your debts), if people won’t cooperate, economic activity stalls! Poorer provision of public goods, due to different preferences and strategies“ Common-pool” or “tragedy of the commons” problem: ethnic groups are natural interest groups Urban/rural divisions, or coastal-interior regions, have different interests that may be exacerbated by ethnic divisions (example: Ghana, maybe Brazil) Corruption and ethnic patronage often worse Why might these problems be mitigated in wealthy (or democratic) countries? Beissinger- the injection of open political competition into an ethnically plural society inevitably unleashes a tendency toward “ethnic outbidding” by politicians vying to maximize support from voters within their respective ethnic in-groups. The result is a slide toward democratic breakdown and violence, whether because elites try to manipulate electoral processes, or because minorities reject majority decisions in which the minorities feel they have had no voice. Many wealthy countries are democracies, so effects from wealth and democracy may be difficult to separate Wealthier state means that govt may be able to accommodate preferences of more politically salient groups (example: bilingualism in Canada) Checks and balances mean less opportunities for corruption and ethnic patronage (e.g., president can’t just favor his own ethnic group) Politics more low-stakes (e.g., ethnicity of the president shouldn’t affect you personally) State provision of public goods and universal tax collection means elimination of “free-rider” problem, contract repudiation, etc. But could it be that racially fragmented states are less likely to choose democratic institutions? |
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Ethnic Nationalism |
1. ethnic nationalism: a political motivation for ethnic national identity 2. (citations from lecture and Beissinger) 3. during democratic consolidation, a focus may be to mitigate the issue of non-cooperation: you can nationalize campaigns; if nation and state do not coincide, you can try to develop a national culture so people can identify with national culture instead of ethnic culture 4. ethnic nationalism can be positive aspect for democratization if ethnic feelings are focused on nation building and ending foreign rule, rather than against other ethnic groups at home: when minorities do not feel represented in gov’t, ethnic passions can lead to violence and separatist movements, breaking down representative democracy |
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Demographic transition |
Families used to have a large amount of children due to need for more bodies to work (farmland) AS COUNTRY DEVELOPS → industrializes → transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates BECAUSE: Infant/child mortality falls – Fertility rates fall – Population growth slows – Families become smaller (Lecture 11) (Gender Equality Report) |
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Why gender matters for development |
Gender matters for development because gender equality is a core development objective in its own right. But greater gender equality is also smart economics--enhancing productivity and improving other development outcomes, including prospects for the next generation and for the quality of societal policies and institutions. Bringing women into the formal labor force is a critical step towards empowerment SMART ECONOMICS: 1. removing barriers that prevent women from having the same access as men to education, economic opportunities, and productive inputs can generate broad productivity gains—gains all the more important in a more competitive and globalized world. 2. improving women’s absolute and relative status feeds many other development outcomes, including those for their children. 3. leveling the playing field—where women and men have equal chances to become socially and politically active, make decisions, and shape policies—is likely to lead over time to more representative, and more inclusive, institutions and policy choices and thus to a better development path. (Lecture 11) (Gender Equality Report) |
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Conditions for women – global trends |
1. although many women still struggle with gender based disadvantages in daily life, change has been there for the better, at a fast pace 2. gains in education, rights, health, access to jobs and livelihood 3. 136 countries guarantee men and women equal rights under law (property ownership, inheritance, marriage 4. death rate for women relative to men higher in low and middle income countries, as compared to higher income countries, esp. in infancy, childhood and reproductive age 5. divorce/ widowhood→ lose assets and become landless 6. cluster in sectors and occupations characterized as “female” (e.g. garment industry)- many of which are low paying 7. more likely to be victims of violence at home and suffer more severe injuries 8. representation in politics and senior managerial positions in business far lower than men 9. increase in female life expectancy (from 20-25 to 71). women now outlive men 10. decrease in fertility rate 11. increase in school enrollments for girls between 6 and 12 12. progress in closing gender gaps in education for primary, secondary and tertiary education (even reverse in some cases) 13. increase in labor force participation. 40% of global work force. lowest in Middle east and N. africa (26%) and south asia (35%) highest in east asia and pacific (64%) and sub-saharan africa (61%) |
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Factors affecting fertility rates (Average number of live births in the lifetime of a woman) |
1. Infant mortality: higher incomes lead to better access to WASH, nutrition, vaccines etc. that increase the life expectancy. As more children survive into adulthood, people tend to have fewer children. 2. Availability of low cost contraception: If contraception is cheaply and widely available, people more actively plan their families and tend to have fewer children by avoiding unwanted pregnancies. 3. Education: Increase in access to education decreases fertility rates, as educated women tend to have fewer children, and much later in life. When they become mothers they are more likely to be healthy themselves and raise healthier children. 4. Age of first marriage: If women tend to get married earlier they tend to have more children. Ensuring a later marriageable age decreases the number of children. This can be done most effectively through education. The longer girls stay in school, the later they will be married 5. Television: Jensen and Oster Study (2007) on impact of cable/satellite TV in rural india. Study of 180 villages with 21 that get access to cable. Resulted in reduced acceptability of wife beating, reduced son preference, increased school enrollment for girls, decreased fertility. The effect of cable tv is very large, equal to 5 years of education. 6. Work: Types of Work→ When women take charge of earning an income for the household/ put their efforts into production, they tend to have fewer children. household labor:Women all over the world work as hard or even doubly harder than men to raise children, agricultural work, and domestic work. This is favored option because it allows for simultaneous childrearing. The responsibilities of the household, unequally fall on women. informal workforce: very common in very poor areas. women lack skills so take up a number of small, poorly paying jobs like preparing and selling food and peddling small items. This also allows them the option of childrearing. formal workforce: cannot coincide with child rearing. can't take children with them to factories. Infant mortality • Contraception • Education • Age of first marriage |
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Female labor force participation – social and political consequences |
Social and political consequences in female labor force participation include: Prefer girls with education, so parents push their daughters to go school; Raise literacy rates; Lower fertility; Mostly women in export oriented manufacturing because cheaper and better workers (more hardworking, don't come drunk, more likely to come to work); Foreign firms don’t understand local gender norms so more likely to hire women; Very competitive so focus on efficiency; Driven to hire cheapest most efficient workers; Cheap labor attract factories; These places become economically dependent on how these factories work.; People come together with common occupation, interest etc. fight against discrimination→ Rise of women’s organizations From Bangladesh study→ workers report: greater self confidence; bargaining with men; develop their social networks→ learn things that have great consequences when they go back home; come together to fight discrimination and achieve better wages, higher political representation and demands for rights. |
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Female labor force participation – role of export-oriented manufacturing |
High mortality of women and girls in lower and middle income countries. Excess female deaths represent women who would not have died in the last year if they had been in a developed country. Every 3.9 million women go missing. missing girls at birth represent an overt discrimination in the household as result of son preference, combined with low fertility rates and technologies that allow for sex-selective abortions of the girl child. During infancy and childhood- son preference and discrimination against/neglect of girls. Reproductive ages: 2 factors→ 1) high rates of maternal mortality 2) impacts of HIV/ AIDS pandemic as greater susceptibility and likelihood that that sexual partners will be older and thus are more likely to be infected than younger men. |
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Missing women |
Missing Women and the Price of Tea in China: The Effect of Sex-Specific Earnings on Sex Imbalance (Qian 2008) Background: Natural experiment shows that increased opportunities for women in the labor market do indeed translate into better outcomes for women. Post-Mao agricultural reforms in rural China allowed farming households to grow cash crops instead of staple cereals. This led to a substantial boost in the production of tea in areas that were suitable for growing it. Due to their shorter height and smaller hands, women have a comparative advantage over men in the production of tea. In regions unsuitable for growing tea, the production of cash crops disproportionately produced by men rather than women increased following the reforms Result: Qian (2008) shows that the number of “missing women”, which is particularly high in China, decreased in tea producing regions compared to other regions. An increase in female income of US$7 per month (10%) translates into a 1% increase in survival rate for girls. |
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Global inequality – role of India and China |
role of China and India affecting global inequality: HUGE. This is due to the massive amount of poverty reduction in China, and the strides made for poverty reduction in India. Because the populations in these 2 countries account for close to 40% of the total global population, large gains in poverty reduction within these countries help decrease global inequality, as there are fewer people living below the $1 or $2 a day threshold. However, this reduction does not mean that the inequality within each respective country is decreasing; on the contrary, as seen in China, urban vs. rural populations have even greater inequality between them. However, there is still a larger population moving out of poverty, so global inequality is positively affected. |
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Global interpersonal inequality – compared to alternative measures Global inequality – recent trends |
Milonavik( Author, Chief economist of World Bank): 3 Kinds of Global Inequity Inequality among countries (each country is an individual person, average per capita income, convergence vs. divergence) Between-country inequality (assume each person in country has the same income as average income per capita, takes into account population) Global Interpersonal Inequity (takes into account gini coefficient) |
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Civil war – costs and benefits |
benefit: new states can be born from civil wars; goal for war (separatist movements, ideological wars) can be met cost: civil wars is equivalent to reverse development, or “development undone”; creates casualties; loss of infrastructure; incomes fall per capita; long-run civil wars can breed more civil wars (attract people from other countries who learn and master the ways to run a rebel cause and who will take what they learn back to their own country); conflict trap: poverty >> civil war (when people are poor they are more likely to take arms because they don’t have much to lose, more easily recruited to rebel causes) >>more poverty |
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Civil war – types |
separatist: civil wars fought over territories occupied by ethnic minority groups; minorities fighting for ethnic and cultural separation central control seeking: rebel groups fighting to overthrow current gov’t ideological domestic: conflict within borders of state without foreign influence international intrastate conflict: foreign powers intervene; foreign presence on one side to provide aid in resources and information; a quarter of all civil wars today have international presence |
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Civil war – causes |
poverty strong statistical correlation between natural resources and rebel violence: corruption in gov’t and monopoly of wealth; rebel groups often can get money by stealing resources (attacking mines because mines are often in secluded places) ethnic grievances: large groups are excluded from power and are more likely to rebel; esp. when minorities are geographically concentrated and can come in contact with one another; minorities can jump to neighboring states as well (rebels running away and hiding in areas with similar linguistic identity can help sustain conflict) state weakness: ethnic insurgencies = failure of state to instill nationhood among citizens; state not having monopoly on use of violence; not strong enough to have police force, a judicial system, a well established legal code that can be used to resolve problems before it leads to organized violence Do ethnic differences cause civil wars? Rebel groups often form on the basis of ethnic/religious lines, but most of the time ethnic or religious differences in themselves do not cause civil war. It is when these differences give rise to discriminatory economic and social policies, inequality, political exclusion, or intolerance that demands for territory, policy change, or regime change can arise. Civil wars almost never take place in wealthy countries, regardless of level of diversity, but they are much more likely in poor countries, regardless of level of ethnic diversity. |
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Civil war – temporal and regional patterns |
(1946-55) Immediately after the second world war, big conflict in east & southeast Asia (Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Indonesia, Philippines) followed by Central and South Asia (1980s) Middle East (Iraq vs Iran war, international war)Peak in 1970sAbout the same number of civil wars going on today (~35) but number of people killed drastically smaller/conflicts less bloody today (due to better battlefield medical aid)[Lecture 17, map on trends in battle deaths, by region] |
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Internationalized intrastate conflicts |
international intrastate conflict: foreign powers intervene; foreign presence on one side to provide aid in resources (troops, money, weapons) and information; a quarter of all civil wars today have international presence; this type of conflict has been growing in recent years |
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National oil companies |
National oil companies are oil extracting businesses that are owned by the government, as opposed to the private sector. Prior to the “Great Transformation” in between the 1960s and the 1980s, oil is predominantly produced by private companies, such as the “seven sisters” (Esso, Chevron, Shell, British Petroleum, Exxon Mobil, Gulf, and Texaco). Now, oil is mostly extracted by nationally owned companies. Indeed, the top ten largest oil companies by reserve are all national oil companies. National oil companies are important because they allow autocratic governments to conceal the true extent of oil revenues and the ways these massive revenues are spent. In this way, national oil companies can prevent citizens from perceiving corruption and thus function as a means for autocracies to strengthen themselves. |
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Oil and democracy |
Oil strengthens autocracies. LOW TRANSPARENCY (a lot of secrecy). The strongest evidence is low taxes and high spending. Inhibits democracy by: "Spending Effect”--> dictators buy support with: Public goods, Patronage “Secrecy Effect” – People care about how oil money is spent – Authoritarian governments hide the money – Citizens can’t see waste & corruption Oil and women (Ross): Dutch disease models show that oil booms lead to a shift away from the traded sector to the non-traded sector. In many developing countries, women are excluded from many parts of the non-traded sector, so demand for female labor declines. Furthermore, increases in family incomes as a result of oil also mean that women are less inclined to join the labor market and provide a second income. The decline in the demand for female labor, plus the decline in the supply of female labor, will reduce the number of women in the workforce. |
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Oil curse – the ‘great transformation’ |
1960-80 before 70s oil dominance and control with seven sisters (handful enormous companies). owned or dominated local subsidiaries that extracted and exported host country’s oil. Also controlled shipping and marketing of all petroleum→ kept prices steady and captured profits. Assisted in maintaining stability by military and economic power of US European allies. 60s and 70s Oil market transformed→ Oil supplies become tighter, demand greater than new discoveries. OPEC (1960): major oil exporters of developing world started to collude through Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Oil Industries nationalized (1970s): oil exporting countries nationalized their petroleum industries and set up state owned companies to manage them. good because gained greater control of national assets, capture much larger share of profits. Shift in power and wealth from western companies to governments in oil-rich states. 1970s after nationalization were able to raise prices. government revenues grew dramatically→ gave rulers access to unprecedented windfalls. no need to collect taxes/ royalties from foreign companies. can now fund themselves by selling through their national oil companies→ cloak revenues in secrecy. Great fluctuation in world oil prices and government finances. Disastrous consequences for citizens: pass of power from foreign companies to rulers→ silence dissent, hold of democratic practices. ethnic minorities take up arms to ask for share of profits. new jobs for men but not women. citizens enjoyed economic growth in 70s, but 80s price collapse very bad. |
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Oil curse – role of transparency |
Don't pay taxes as another source of revenue-oil. citizens in oil producing countries cannot directly observe how much their government collects in oil revenues. so dont know if they are getting fair amount of benefits in relation to revenue. must rely on government and media for their info. In democracy, info is available but in autocracy the government can conceal some of these revenues. if citizens don't know true magnitude of revenue, can mistakenly conclude well performance using relatively modest revenues to deliver generous array of goods and services. hiding revenue→ increase government’s perceived spending to revenue ratio. Camouflage budgets, tight restrictions on media. boost popularity of ruler. greater transparency→ spark democratic uprisings, if citizens find out about squandering. success of uprising depends on loyalty of armed forces. More transparency→ less corruption, higher levels of human development, stronger fiscal discipline, better governance. cheap to implement and unlikely to do harm. disclosure of information. info released by govt needs to be complete and accurate.--> independent audits by public. cheap or free. and understandable by ordinary people. free press, well informed civil society→ public education of resource management. |
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Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |
Launched in 2002 by British PM Tony Blair to encourage resource rich countries to make their revenues fully transparent. In 2007, became Oslo based independent multi stakeholder organization. 30 countries members. only Azerbaijan, Timor-Leste and Liberia fully compliant with transparency standards. 6 suspended for non-compliance/ dropped out (Angola, Bolivia, Chad, Eq Guinea, Sao Tome, Trinidad). Most countries provide partial or scant info |
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Playpumps |
Innovation hailed by Laura Bush and AOL co founder Steve Case 2006. use power generated by kids spinning on a merry go round to deliver clean water. Goal of installing 4000 pumps in Africa by 2010. “that would mean drinking water for some 10 million people”. UNICEF report found pumps abandoned, broken, unmaintained. of the 1500 installed in Zambia from initial grant, ¼ already needed repair. costs 4 times regular water pump. Easily broke were hard to fix. kids would have to play for 27 hours a day to meet the target of delivering water to 25,00 people per pump. “Reliant on Child Labor”.Hobbes article; Idea of unmaintained projects causing more harm than good on the international development front. |
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Global public goods |
Public goods are defined as goods and services that are “nonrival” and “nonexcludable”. In other words, no one can be excluded from their benefits and their consumption by one person does not diminish consumption by another. Public goods become global (sometimes called international public goods) in nature when the benefits flow to more than one country and no country can effectively be denied access to those benefits. |
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Tragedy of the commons |
The tragedy of the commons is a term, originally used by Garret Hardin, to denote a situation where individuals acting independently and rationally according to each's self-interest behave contrary to the best interests of the whole group by depleting some common resource. “Commons" in this sense has come to mean such resources as atmosphere, oceans, energy or any other shared resource which is not formally regulated.. Free access and unrestricted demand for a finite resource ultimately reduces the resource through over-exploitation, temporarily or permanently. This occurs because the benefits of exploitation accrue to individuals or groups, each of whom is motivated to maximize use of the resource to the point in which they become reliant on it, while the costs of the exploitation are borne by all those to whom the resource is available (which may be a wider class of individuals than those who are exploiting it). This, in turn, causes demand for the resource to increase, which causes the problem to snowball until the resource collapses (even if it retains a capacity to recover). Exhaustible and Non-excludableeveryone would benefit from restrictions but no individual has incentive to restrict their actions if other don't do it. Leads to overuse and depletion |
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Millennium Development Goals (List) |
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 189 United Nations member states at the time (there are 193 currently), and at least 23 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015: 1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. To achieve universal primary education 3. To promote gender equality 4. To reduce child mortality 5. To improve maternal health 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. To ensure environmental sustainability 8. To develop a global partnership for development |
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Millennium Development Goals (details) |
The MDGs emphasized three areas: human capital, infrastructure and human rights (social, economic and political), with the intent of increasing living standards.[5] Human capital objectives include nutrition, health care (including child mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and reproductive health) and education. Infrastructure objectives include access to safe drinking water, energy and modern information/communication technology; increased farm outputs using sustainable practices; transportation; and environment. Human rights objectives include empowering women, reducing violence, increasing political voice, ensuring equal access to public services and increasing security of property rights. The goals were intended to increase an individual’s human capabilities and "advance the means to a productive life". The MDGs emphasize that each nation's policies should be tailored to that country's needs; therefore most policy suggestions are general.MDGs emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as outlined in Goal Eight, which sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve a "global partnership for development" by supporting fair trade, debt relief, increasing aid, access to affordable essential medicines and encouraging technology transfer. Thus developing nations ostensibly became partners with developed nations in the struggle to reduce world poverty. |
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Direct Cash Transfers |
Old-Age Pensions and Intra-Household Allocations in South Africa (Duflo, 2003) Research Question: Is the impact of a cash transfer on child nutritional status is affected by the gender of its recipient? Nature of Intervention: In the early 1990’s, the benefits and coverage of the South African social pension program were expanded to include the black population. Over a quarter of black South African children under age five live with a pension recipient. Finding: Pensions received by women (grandmothers) had a large impact on the anthropometric status of girls (it improved their weight given height by 1.19 StDev, and their height given age by 1.16 StDev), but little effect on that of boys. No similar effect is found for pensions received by men (grandfathers). Conclusion: The efficiency of public transfer programs may depend on the gender of the recipient. |
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Sustainable Development Goals (List) |
10 goals 1. End extreme poverty including hunger: End extreme poverty in all its forms, including hunger, child stunting, malnutrition, food insecurity. Support highly vulnerable countries. 2. Promote economic growth and decent jobs within planetary boundaries: all countries have a right to development that respects planetary boundaries, ensures sustainable production and consumption patterns, and helps to stabilize global population by mid century 3. Ensure effective learning of all children and youth for life and livelihood: All girls and boys complete affordable and high quality early childhood development programs, and primary and secondary education to prepare them for challenges of modern life and decent livelihoods. All youth and adults have access to continuous lifelong learning to acquire functional literacy, numeracy, and skills to earn a living through decent employment and self employment 4. Achieve gender equality, social inclusion, and human rights for all: ensure gender equality, human rights, the rule of law, and universal access to public services. Reduce relative poverty and other inequalities that cause social exclusion. prevent and eliminate violence and exploitation, especially for women and children 5. Achieve Health and Wellbeing at all ages: all countries achieve universal health coverage at every stage of life, with particular emphasis on primary health services, including mental and reproductive health, to ensure that all people receive quality health services without suffering financial hardship. Countries implement policies to create enabling social conditions that promote the health of populations and help individuals make healthy and sustainable decisions related to their daily living. 6. Improve Agriculture Systems and Raise Rural Prosperity: Improve farming practices, rural infrastructure, and access to resources for food production to increase productivity of agriculture, livestock, and fisheries, raise smallholder incomes, reduce environmental impacts, promote rural prosperity, and ensure resilience to climate change. 7. Empower Inclusive, Productive and Resilient Cities: Make all cities socially inclusive, economically productive, environmentally sustainable, secure, and resilient to climate change and other risks. Develop participatory, accountable, and effective city governance to support rapid and equitable urban transformation. 8. Curb Human-Induced Climate Change and Ensure Sustainable Energy: Curb greenhouse gas emissions from energy, industry, agriculture, the built environment, and land-use change to ensure a peak of global CO2 emissions by 2020 and to limit global average temperature increases to the levels agreed under the UNFCCC (Currently 2°C).iv Promote sustainable energy for all. 9. Secure Biodiversity, and Ensure Good Management of Water, Oceans, Forests, and Natural Resources: Biodiversity, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems of local, regional, and global significance are inventoried, managed, and monitored to ensure the continuation of resilient and adaptive life support systems and to support sustainable development.v Water, oceans, forests and other natural resources are managed sustainably and transparently to support inclusive economic and human development. 10. Transform Governance and Technologies for Sustainable Development: The public sector, business, and other stakeholders commit to good governance, including transparency, accountability, access to information, participation, an end to tax and secrecy havens, and efforts to stamp out corruption. The international rules governing international finance, trade, corporate reporting, technology, and intellectual property are made consistent with achieving the SDGs. The financing of poverty reduction and global public goods including efforts to head off climate change are strengthened and based on a graduated set of global rights and responsibilities. |
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Sustainable Development Goals (details) |
Sustainable development is holistic concept addressing 4 dimensions of society: economic development (including end of extreme poverty) social inclusion environmental sustainability good governance (including peace and security) failure in even one can undermine progress in others. World has changed since 2000 when MDGs were adopted. next 15 years (2015-30) 5 shifts: feasibility of ending extreme poverty in all its forms drastically higher human impact on physical earth rapid technological change increasing inequality growing diffusion and complexity of governance Problems will expand without an urgent and radical change. World needs operational sustainable development framework that can mobilize all key actors (national and local governments, civil society, business, science and academia) to move away from BAU trajectory towards SD path. SDG identify the main objectives and strategies to make this shift. SD path builds on global framework for cooperation to address the four dimensions of sustainable development, so based on 4 related normative concepts: the right to development for every country human rights and social inclusion convergence of living standards across countries shared responsibilities and opportunities |
